自杀患者的行为学分析与认知干预

近年来,随着城市自杀人数的上升,自杀已经成为我国重要的精神卫生问题之一[1]。对自杀患者进行行为学分析,实施相应的心理治疗和护理及认知干预,对提高自杀患者的预后生活质量和抢救成功率都具有非常重要的意义。以下是对我院近5年中自杀患者的的行为学及心理分析,应用心理治疗     

认知行为治疗在抑郁症患者自杀态度安全管理中的应用

为了探讨认知行为治疗在抑郁症患者自杀态度安全管理中的应用,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及自杀态度问卷(QSA)对241名抑郁症患者在治疗前后进行测评。干预组服用抗抑郁药物及每周40分钟～50分钟认知行为心理治疗,对照组只服用抗抑郁药物,两组治疗为期16周。结果显示:同对照组相比,干预组的抑郁症患者量表评分及自杀态度总分有明显的降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。因此认知行为治疗在抑郁症患者自杀态度安全管理中具有一定的作用。     

团体心理治疗和体育运动处方对大学生网络成瘾的干预

运用团体心理治疗和体育运动处方相结合的综合模式对大学生网络成瘾进行心理干预.干预治疗12周后,与自行干预组的大学生相比,实验组大学生的网络成瘾倾向及状态焦虑倾向均有显著改善.本研究表明,团体心理治疗与体育运动处方相结合的综合干预模式更有利于治疗大学生网络成瘾.     

一种认知分析心理治疗模式对抑郁症患者的干预

为了探索基于"自我"与感受、需要、能力和角色交互相整合的认知分析心理治疗模式及其在抑郁症患者治疗中的效果,对7例门诊和8例住院抑郁症患者进行心理治疗,采用HAMD和CGI-GI评估治疗的效果,并追踪治疗1年后患者的社会功能及健康状况.所有患者治疗前后HAMD分值差异显著,配对t=8.08(P<0.01),门诊与住院治疗患者HAMD分值和CGI-G1分值均无明显差异(P>0.05),但产生治疗有效的平均时间差异显著,住院者(11.6±3.6)天,门诊者(60.6±25.0)天(P<0.01).该心理治疗模型能够整合到抑郁症患者的药物治疗中,产生整体治疗效果.     

一种"分析自我"的心理治疗模型及其质性研究的框架

基于心理治疗实践提出了以"分析自我"为核心的心理治疗模型.模型假设心理治疗需要整体地分析自我,包括从需要、能力、感受和交互角色等不同角度的自我分析.提出了对该治疗模型的基于认知任务分析方法的过程性质性研究框架,以促进理论与实践的相互提升.     

抑郁症网络化自助干预的效果及作用机制——以汉化MoodGYM为例

抑郁症是全球性的重要公共健康问题,抑郁症的网络化认知行为治疗近年来备受关注。本研究采用随机对照组试验考察抑郁症网络化干预程序Mood GYM中文版对中国大学生抑郁患者的在线干预效果,并且使用多重中介模型同时探索了基于临床实践提出的认知歪曲(ATQ和DAS)与认知领域研究发现的解释偏差(SST)在抑郁症网络化认知行为治疗中的作用机制。结果发现:(1)相较之对照组,Mood GYM对中国大学生抑郁的网络化自助干预具有中到大的效果量(CES-D,d=0.93;PHQ-9,d=0.79);(2)Mood GYM也显著降低抑郁患者的负性自动思维(ATQ)、消极解释偏差(SST)和功能失调性态度(DAS);(3)自动思维(ATQ)和消极解释偏差(SST)二者的改变在抑郁症网络化认知行为治疗效果中起中介作用,功能失调性态度改变的中介效应不显著。抑郁症的网络化干预还存在着诸如脱落率较高等多种局限,推荐作为传统心理治疗的额外补充手段,也可作为梯度治疗模型的自助式初级干预。     

国外自杀素质及其认知神经机制的研究概况

以自杀素质及其认知神经机制为线索,回顾与总结了国外自杀的心理学研究概况,自杀素质主要体现在悲观主义倾向和冲动/攻击特质上,而自杀的认知神经机制主要包括归因模式的改变、情绪和认知调节能力的降低以及自杀行为的实施三个方面,最后提出了对国内研究的启示.     

心理护理干预在无抽搐电休克患者中的应用观察

探讨心理护理干预在无抽搐电休克治疗患者中的应用效果.选择我院首次行无抽搐电休克治疗的患者105例,随机分为研究组52例,对照组53例,对照组实施常规护理干预措施,研究组在其基础上实施心理护理干预措施.采用Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)进行评定分析,比较两组在无抽搐电休克治疗前的焦虑、恐惧程度及对治疗的依从性和满意度.研究组的焦虑、恐惧程度明显低于对照组,对治疗的依从性优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).实施心理护理干预措施能够改善患者在行无抽搐电休克治疗前的焦虑、恐惧情绪,提高患者对治疗的依从性以及护理质量的满意度,使患者愿意接受并配合治疗,达到预期效果.     

大学生自杀现象的心理分析和干预

大学生的自杀已成为社会、教育和行政管理部门越来越关注的话题,对大学生自杀现象的心理进行了分析,结合工作实际,提出了一些心理干预的措施.     

基于“心理痛苦”理论的眶额皮质介导抑郁症自杀机制

近年来,自杀的心理痛苦三因素模型(包括痛苦唤醒、痛苦体验和痛苦逃避)在临床抑郁症患者群体得到验证。痛苦逃避是该模型的核心成分。行为学研究证据显示,痛苦逃避维度得分对抑郁症患者自杀意念和自杀行为的预测力远高于Beck抑郁问卷得分和痛苦体验得分。由于眶额皮质是介导情绪反应和控制复杂行为的关键界面,主要参与负性情绪引发回避惩罚(痛苦)的动机控制,与动机、决策和行为监控密切相关。眶额皮质及其与前额叶、皮层下结构(扣带前回、杏仁核和下丘脑等)的异常激活模式可能是痛苦体验引发高逃避动机、进而产生自杀行为(风险决策)的重要神经基础。本文在综述以往研究的基础上,提出通过改编和发展情感激励延迟和金钱激励延迟的认知任务,对痛苦体验和痛苦逃避动机阶段进行时间上的分离,建立眶额皮质介导抑郁症自杀的脑功能病理模型的研究思路。     

马克思主义方法论的四大基本命题辨析

Marxist methodology is the direct reflection of Marxist world outlook.Marxist methodology and its basic principles are inseparable.Everything starts from reality,analyze specific circumstances,history and logic are consistent,and combine theory and practice are four basic propositions of Marxist methodology.They are all the expressions of Marxist world outlook and methodology,but with different characteristics.However,there are several specious even habitual fallacies which need to be discriminated,analyzed...     

On Their Own Ground: Strategies of Resistance for Sunni Muslim Women

Drawing from work in feminist moral philosophy, Tobin argues that the most common methodology used in practical ethics is a questionable methodology for addressing practical problems across diverse cultural contexts because the kind of impartiality it requires is neither feasible nor desirable. She then defends an alternative methodology for practical ethics in a global context and uses her proposed methodology to evaluate a problem that confronts many Sunni Muslim women around the world.     

Preface

Dr. Siegfried Streufert devoted a considerable part of his career to designing and developing assessment and training technologies based on his theory of Behavioral complexity. The underlying emphasis in the design of his methodology called the Strategic Management Simulations (SMS), was on understanding “real world” productivity in an objective manner. This methodology focuses on the demonstrated decision-making capacity of an individual in various situations and its impact on human productivity and well-being. The SMS methodology compliments other evaluation tools that focus on individual “preferences”, “aspirations” and basic problem-solving skill sets. The following commentary provides a brief overview of well-used methodologies and describes the SMS comprehensive assessment which is focused on real world productivity and is constructed using Behavioral complexity theoretical paradigms.     

对老年性痴呆治疗研究的反思

随着世界人口逐年老化,老年性痴呆已成为全球性的社会一医学问题。神经科学及相关学科领域的内的工作者正积极地投入到对Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病各方面的深入研究,在预防和治疗方面的探索已取得一些阶段性的成果。然而,由于相关基础研究尚无关键性突破,临床治疗始终缺乏有效手段。     

AQAL模型及其心理学方法论意义

AQAL是美国著名心理学家肯.威尔伯(Ken Wilber)提出的整合研究模型。主张心理学应当拓展研究视野,涵盖主观性、客观性、主体间性、客体间性。认为该模型对解决目前心理学的分裂问题,促进各心理学分支的和谐共生,具有重要的方法论意义。分别讨论了AQAL模型的内涵、提出过程与评价及其心理学方法论意义。     

评价和控制药物不良反应的认识与思考

用科学的世界观和方法论指导药物不良反应的评价和控制。从药物不良反应的发生机制、临床表现、因果关系的判定原则出发,与马克思主义哲学的基本观点相结合,提出了几点认识和思考。药物治疗作用与副作用既对立又统一;药物治疗效应向毒性反应的转变是量变到质变的过程;药物过敏反应的发生是内因外因相互作用的结果;药物与不良反应联系强度的判定必须符合前因后果性;药物与不良反应联系强度的判定必须排除混杂因素的干扰,找到内在的、本质的联系。     

哲学对医学导向作用的切入点

哲学是世界观、方法论、价值观的科学体系。医学是维护和促进人类健康的科学体系和实践活动。二者都具有很强的科学精神和人文精神。医学和哲学的关系是特殊与普通的关系。医学为哲学理论的建构奠定了科学基础,而哲学为医学的发展提供导向作用。为了使２１世纪的医学再创辉煌,以马克思主义哲学的提供的客观性原则、方法论原则、社会价值性原则作为切入点,发挥其导向作用是完全必要的。     

Metaphysics as modeling: the handmaiden’s tale

Critics of contemporary metaphysics argue that it attempts to do the hard work of science from the ease of the armchair. Physics, not metaphysics, tells us about the fundamental facts of the world, and empirical psychology is best placed to reveal the content of our concepts about the world. Exploring and understanding the world through metaphysical reflection is obsolete. In this paper, I will show why this critique of metaphysics fails, arguing that metaphysical methods used to make claims about the world are similar to scientific methods used to make claims about the world, but that the subjects of metaphysics are not the subjects of science. Those who argue that metaphysics uses a problematic methodology to make claims about subjects better covered by natural science get the situation exactly the wrong way around: metaphysics has a distinctive subject matter, not a distinctive methodology. The questions metaphysicians address are different from those of scientists, but the methods employed to develop and select theories are similar. In the first section of the paper, I will describe the sort of subject matter that metaphysics tends to engage with. In the second section of the paper, I will show how metaphysical theories are classes of models and discuss the roles of experience, common sense and thought experiments in the construction and evaluation of such models. Finally, in the last section I will discuss the way these methodological points help us to understand the metaphysical project. Getting the right account of the metaphysical method allows us to better understand the relationship between science and metaphysics, to explain why doing metaphysics successfully involves having a range of different theories (instead of consensus on a single theory), to understand the role of thought experiments involving fictional worlds, and to situate metaphysical realism in a scientifically realist context.     

A CRITIQUE OF ISLAMIC ARGUMENTS ON HUMAN CLONING

Sunnism constitutes eighty percent of the Islamic world. The most academic and renowned religious seminary in the Sunni world is Al-Azhar University in Egypt, and it is from here that most verdicts on novel issues such as human cloning are decreed and disseminated throughout the Islamic and non-Islamic worlds. The perspective of this seminary and of other significant Sunni jurisprudential councils and figures are alluded to throughout this essay. I lay out the method of legal derivation employed by the Sunni clergy and scholars and then illustrate how they have arrived at their prohibition on human cloning. I demonstrate weaknesses of methodology employed by the major Sunni Muftis within the domain of jurisprudence.     

Good-Bye Ideology. Hello Performance

This article looks at the practice of Fred Newman’s performance-based methodology—informed by the work of Marx, Vygotsky and Wittgenstein—in addressing the assumed gap between thinking and doing, reflection and activity, or to use Marx’s terms, interpretation and change. Changing the world involves mass activity. However, acting en masse has historically generated and depended upon ideology, which tends toward the elimination of reflection and dialogue, thus severely handicapping the development of the activity for change. How do we participate in the human activity of changing the world and simultaneously comprehend/reflect on our practice in such a way that allows for its further development, unencumbered by the dead weight of ideology? Is it possible, as Marx postulated, to bridge the gap between reflecting and doing, between interpreting the world and changing the world? The affirmative answer—“perform”—is presented in historical and philosophical detail.