遵守规范为什么十分困难?——关于规范与失范的理论命题探讨

社会成员既是规范的受益者,也是规范的建设者,遵守、维护社会规范也要支付一定的成本.在人们遵守或者违反规范的行为中,可以发现许多公开的或潜在的某些具有规律性的原则.本文提出了社会规范的命题:规范收益的社会预期、规范相对剥夺感、规范需求不平衡、规范的社会成本、规范使用价值、规范的标示性、规范奖赏与惩处、规范的榜样效应、规范遵守的非理性等十个命题.还提出了社会失范的命题:图方便、插队、失范感染、失范累加、失范的"晕轮"效应、失范的隐匿空间、"稻草人"规范、适度压力、规范变动、规范替代等十个命题.     

医学界对规范自媒体的诉求——基于“小苏打‘饿死’癌细胞”事件的思考

以"小苏打‘饿死’癌细胞"事件为切入点,从自媒体对大众健康及健康教育的影响等方面,阐述了规范自媒体的迫切性和必要性,提出医学界对于规范自媒体的诉求。指出自媒体报道医学事件存在的失范现象,如谣言泛滥、客观性分析缺失、严谨性和专业性缺乏等,并分析了这些失范现象产生的原因,包括自媒体自身的特点、发布和传播主体个体性与传播空间公共性的矛盾、科学传播具有专业性等内部原因,以及监管惩处力度不够,失范报道代价低、发布者和受众媒介素养不高等外部的原因。从医学界、政府和公众三方面对规范自媒体提出了建议。     

从“胡为民现象”看我国医疗领域的社会失范

随着我国经济体制的转型,由于市场机制的引进和发展不规范,医药卫生体制改革不成熟,在医疗领域出现了很多失范的现象。透过“胡为民现象”,分析了我国医疗领域社会失范的特点和原因,并针对原因提出了防治医疗领域社会失范的意见和措施     

从"胡为民现象"看我国医疗领域的社会失范

随着我国经济体制的转型,由于市场机制的引进和发展不规范,医药卫生体制改革不成熟,在医疗领域出现了很多失范的现象.透过"胡为民现象",分析了我国医疗领域社会失范的特点和原因,并针对原因提出了防治医疗领域社会失范的意见和措施     

医生医疗行为失范的成因与对策

社会转型带来的医德人格扭曲、医疗行政监管缺位和医疗行为中的诸多法律盲区等是医生医疗行为失范的主因.强化新伦理观教育实现医德建设的与时俱进、创新医疗行政管理制度、出台进一步规范医疗行为的法律法规是矫治医生医疗行为失范的对策.     

医生医疗行为失范的成因与对策

秦瑞霞张学义王丽娜社会转型带来的医德人格扭曲、医疗行政监管缺位和医疗行为中的诸多法律盲区等是医生医疗行为失范的主因。强化新伦理观教育实现医德建设的与时俱进、创新医疗行政管理制度、出台进一步规范医疗行为的法律法规是矫治医生医疗行为失范的对策。     

临床试验中知情同意的现状分析与对策

对目前临床试验中存在的知情同意主体行为失范、告知与知情过程流于形式、知情同意书存在缺陷以及签署欠规范等问题进行分析，提出规范知情同意的对策：加强教育与培训，规范主体行为；建立监管体系，实施三级质控；提高伦理审查质量，完善监督检查；开展试验质量评价，制订奖惩措施；完善临床试验立法，实现法制化管理。     

二战与科学家的道德困境

科学家从事科学事业的动机,与其世界观、人生观、价值观密切相关.二战作为一个重要的时间节点,标志着长期以来自由探索主导的科研时代的终结,小科学氛围下形成的职业操守难以应对战时以国家意志为转移的科研模式,科研伦理的失范使得身处其境的科学家们面临空前的道德困境.     

从班杜拉的三元交互理论看:道德失范行为发生的必然性

班杜拉的三元交互学习理论从心理学的角度有效地解释了行为发生机制,道出了人思想与行动的社会基础。从这一理论我们可以看到道德失范行为发生的必然性:人所遭遇的社会环境,人自身的认知,人自己的行为三者的交互作用决定了他们在社会中的道德表现,三者的现实处境及相互作用导致了现今道德失范行为的彰显,所以那些认为道德失范行为可以通过教化予以消除的观点是有失偏颇的,我们不能因为道德失范现象的反复出现或严重化就过度谴责道德教育和管理。     

从班杜拉的三元交互理论看：道德失范行为发生的必然性

班杜拉的三元交互学习理论从心理学的角度有效地解释了行为发生机制,道出了人思想与行动的社会基础。从这一理论我们可以看到道德失范行为发生的必然性：人所遭遇的社会环境,人自身的认知,人自己的行为三者的交互作用决定了他们在社会中的道德表现,三者的现实处境及相互作用导致了现今道德失范行为的彰显,所以那些认为道德失范行为可以通过教化予以消除的观点是有失偏颇的,我们不能因为道德失范现象的反复出现或严重化就过度谴责道德教育和管理。     

Suppression of scientific research: Bahramdipity and Nulltiple scientific discoveries

The fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip can be taken to be allegorical of not only chance discovery (serendipity) but of other aspects of scientific discovery as well. Just as Horace Walpole coined serendipity, so can the term bahramdipity be derived from the tale and defined as the cruel suppression of a serendipitous discovery. Suppressed, unpublished discoveries are designated nulltiples. Several examples are presented to make the case that bahramdipity is an existent aspect of scientific discovery. Other examples of non-ideal scientific research and discovery are provided in order to contrast and clarify the meaning and use of bahramdipity. Additional allegories of scientific discovery are taken from the tale and a hope for the strengthening of scientific integrity is expressed.     

Measuring consensus about scientific research norms

In this paper, we empirically explore some manifestations of norms for the conduct of science. We focus on scientific research ethics and report survey results from 606 scientists who received funding in 1993 and 1994 from the Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Biology Directorate of the National Science Foundation. We also report results for 91 administrators charged with overseeing research integrity at the scientists' research institutions. Both groups of respondents were presented with a set of scenarios, designed by fractional factorial methods, describing different kinds of scientific conduct that in the eyes of some would likely be unethical. Respondents then were asked to evaluate each of these scenarios for how unethical the behavior might be and what kinds of sanctions might be appropriate. We use the responses to consider the nature of consensus around norms related to the practice of science and in particular, similarities and differences between scientists and science administrators. Implications for policy are also discussed.     

Correction of errors in scientific research

Four ways to reduce scientific errors are by tests of equipment and programs, examination of results, peer review, and replication. This article describes various types of errors that may occur and procedures available for the prevention and correction of both unintentional and intentional errors in experiments that use computer programs to generate the stimuli, record the responses, or analyze the data. We describe a case study of a particular experiment that produced a result that has been found to be erroneous. The case study provides additional evidence of the essential importance of replication for the identification and elimination of scientific error.