罪犯精神病态的初步探索

以中国罪犯为被试,对Hare精神病态量表进行修订,并在此基础上进一步探讨罪犯精神病态的影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)修订的Hare精神病态量表具有良好的信度和效度;(2)年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况和犯罪次数是影响罪犯精神病态得分的重要因素。20-29岁年龄组罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于30-38岁年龄组;文化程度高的罪犯精神病态的得分显著低于文化程度低的罪犯,大专以上文化程度的罪犯精神病态得分最低;未婚罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于已婚和离异的罪犯;累犯精神病态的得分显著高于初犯。     

冷酷无情特质：一种易于暴力犯罪的人格倾向

冷酷无情特质(callous unemotional trait, CU)是指对他人冷漠、缺乏罪责感、低共情的一种人格倾向, 伴随有高频率和高破坏性的反社会行为甚至暴力犯罪。CU特质者在情感上表现为对负性情绪加工不敏感, 缺乏共情; 在认知上表现出追求奖赏、忽视惩罚; 在生物学方面, CU特质者生理唤醒水平低、皮质醇水平低、杏仁核和腹内侧前额叶活动异常。未来研究的方向是修订发展本土化CU特质量表、探析CU特质者的性别差异、梳理CU与品行障碍等其他精神障碍的关系、为暴力犯循证矫正的方案设计提供科学依据。     

国外精神病态罪犯的脑机制研究述评

精神病态是一种个体表现在人际关系、情感、生活方式和反社会特质等方面的人格障碍, 与非精神病态者相比, 精神病态者更容易违反社会规则和法律, 表现出更加残忍和极端的侵犯模式, 犯罪的起始年龄更早, 犯罪活动更为广泛和多样, 累犯率非常高。国外关于精神病态罪犯脑机制的ERP研究表明精神病态罪犯注意朝向、语义和情感加工以及对错误加工的后期阶段存在缺陷。MRI和fMRI的研究表明, 大脑结构异常以及额叶-边缘系统回路活动异常与精神病态行为有关。     

基于三元精神病态模型的精神病态认知-情感加工框架

精神病态作为暴力犯罪、累犯和青少年犯罪的重要预测变量, 在临床心理学和司法领域受到了广泛重视。三元精神病态模型通过大胆、卑劣和去抑制三个维度对精神病态进行了操作化定义, 反映了精神病态在神经生物学维度上存在的认知情感加工缺陷。其中, 低威胁敏感性是精神病态大胆的主要病因学基础; 而执行功能受损, 尤其是注意调节缺陷则导致了精神病态的去抑制倾向; 而与情绪识别存在联系的共情缺陷可能是卑劣的深层原因。未来研究中仍需关注精神病态的概念化问题, 以及不同精神病态特质之间是否存在共同的潜在病因学基础, 探索精神病态特质在生命早期阶段的体现从而进行及时有效的干预。     

家庭风险因素对青少年自伤的累积效应及其性别差异

以累积风险模型为基础,以453名初一学生为被试进行间隔10个月的追踪研究,考察家庭风险因素对青少年当前和10个月后自伤行为的累积效应及其性别差异。结果表明:(1)家庭风险因素对青少年当前和10个月后的自伤均有明显的累积效应,且均以线性模式发挥作用;(2)在累积家庭风险与青少年当前自伤之间的线性关系中有明显的性别差异,女生有更高的家庭累积风险,且女生的自伤更容易受家庭累积风险的影响。     

精神病态暴力犯执行功能的缺陷*

为了解精神病态罪犯可能存在的执行功能缺陷及其是否受冲动性影响,研究采用精神病态检核表（PCL-R）筛选出30名精神病态组被试和30名非精神病态组被试,通过爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）和河内塔任务（TOH）对两组被试执行功能的特点进行分析,并结合冲动性量表（BIS-11）对其冲动性进行测量。研究发现精神病态组的冲动性显著高于控制组;精神病态组选择高风险的不利牌显著多于对照组,即对惩罚不敏感;精神病态组在河内塔任务中的错误次数及所消耗时间都显著高于控制组;冲动性水平与两任务得分均无显著相关。结果表明,精神病态暴力犯在与前额叶相关的执行功能上存在缺陷,并与个体的高冲动性无关。     

论中国传统家庭伦理的主导精神

家族利益至上的整体主义是传统家庭伦理的主导精神和基本价值取向.从一定意义上来说,传统家庭及其道德生活的贵和、重礼特征,均是由家族利益至上的整体主义派生或引申而来的,它们在中国人以往的家庭道德生活中共同发挥着重要作用.     

儿童抑郁的相关家庭因素

由于儿童的身心发展特点,他们往往比成人更易出现抑郁等情绪障碍,并更易受到 情绪障碍的不良影响,而家庭环境与儿童的抑郁倾向有着密切的关系。该文从心理行为层面 简要回顾了近年来儿童抑郁及其相关家庭环境方面的研究,包括儿童抑郁的影响因素、调节 性因素及其作用机制,并结合当前脑科学研究在抑郁的神经生理机制方面的一些新发现,对 心理行为层面和神经生理层面研究的整合问题进行了探讨。     

家庭视角下约会暴力相关风险因素综述

约会暴力(dating violence)是指在约会关系中一方对另一方使用或威胁使用武力或约束,意图给对方带来痛苦或伤害的行为,主要包括身体暴力、心理/精神暴力和性暴力。文章从家庭视角出发,分析以往研究结果,发现较低的家庭社会经济地位、不完整的家庭与非独生子女家庭、家庭暴力氛围以及消极家庭教养模式是个体卷入约会暴力的催化因素。建议通过增强家庭凝聚力与改善亲子关系对个体约会暴力行为进行干预。未来应深化本土研究,探究约会暴力在其他层面上的影响机制,以及分析抑制施暴、规避受暴的干预对策,积极发挥家庭教育的作用,培育青年健康向上的恋爱行为。     

家庭因素对大学生心理健康的影响

大学生作为社会中的一个特殊群体,其心理健康状况一直受到社会的关注。大学生是国家的希望,是国家建设的重要力量。大学生的心理健康对大学生的成才和发展影响深远。而影响大学生心理健康的因素有很多,比如学业的压力、爱情、人际交往等等。本文重点探讨了家庭因素对大学生心理健康的影响。并结合相关理论提出一些意见,希望对我国大学生的心理健康教育的工作有一定的积极作用。     

The Association between Anxiety and Psychopathy Dimensions in Children

Although several theoretical models posit that low levels of anxiety are a risk factor for psychopathy and antisocial behavior, a number of studies have reported elevated levels of anxiety among antisocial individuals. Nevertheless, most investigators in this literature have not distinguished between fearfulness and trait anxiety or attempted to separate the antisocial lifestyle dimension from the callous and unemotional dimension of psychopathy. In a study of clinically referred children (N = 143), we found that (a) measures of trait anxiety and fearlessness (low fearfulness) exhibited low correlations; (b) conduct problems tended to be positively correlated with trait anxiety, whereas callous and unemotional traits tended to be negatively correlated with trait anxiety; and (c) controlling statistically for the effects of one dimension increased the divergent correlations of the other dimension with both trait anxiety and fearful inhibition. These findings bear potentially important implications for the diagnosis and etiology of psychopathy and antisocial behavior and suggest that distinctions between trait anxiety and fearful inhibition, as well as between the two dimensions of psychopathy, may help to clarify longstanding confusion in this literature.     

What do others feel? Cognitive empathy deficits explain the association between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems among preschool children

Abstract

Callous-unemotional traits (CU) are a risk factor for antisocial behavior, although it is unclear whether deficits in affective or cognitive empathy explain this association. Using a multi-informant approach involving data collection from parents and teachers (N = 167, M age = 4.7 years), the current study aimed to test whether cognitive or affective empathy deficits account for the association between CU traits and antisocial behavior among preschool children. Results revealed that cognitive, but not affective, empathy was associated with both CU and conduct problems, and also mediated the relationship between CU traits and conduct problems. These findings were not replicated for overt and relational aggressive behavior. Our findings suggest that cognitive empathy deficits may be more important than affective empathy in explaining antisocial behavior in preschool children. As a result, interventions aiming to reduce conduct problems early in development may need to target difficulties in understanding what others are thinking or feeling.     

The roles of trauma exposure,rejection sensitivity,and callous‐unemotional traits in the aggressive behavior of justice‐involved youth: A moderated mediation model

Research has demonstrated an association between childhood trauma exposure and adolescent aggression. This association may be explained by rejection sensitivity, defined as anger, or anxiety in the anticipation of rejection, which can be a consequence of trauma exposure. Callous‐unemotional (CU) traits also are associated with trauma exposure and aggressive behavior; however, research has not yet investigated the interactive roles that rejection sensitivity and CU traits play in the relation between trauma exposure and aggression. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the role of rejection sensitivity in the association between trauma exposure and aggression, and whether this indirect effect was moderated by CU traits. Participants included 380 detained youth (98 girls, 282 boys) who completed self‐report measures of trauma exposure, angry, and anxious rejection sensitivity, CU traits, and aggression. Results of moderated mediation demonstrated that the relation between trauma exposure and aggression exhibited an indirect effect through angry rejection sensitivity, but only at moderate or high levels of CU traits. This pattern was not found for anxious rejection sensitivity. Results suggest that interventions aimed to decrease aggressive behavior in traumatized adolescents may benefit from considering how youth respond to rejection, as well as whether youth endorse CU traits, as this may help to limit further involvement in the juvenile justice system after release.

     

The Importance of Child and Adolescent Psychopathy

In commenting on the five articles in this special issue, this paper discusses (1) the concept of child and adolescent psychopathy, and whether adolescent psychopaths are qualitatively distinct from other young people; (2) the measurement of adolescent psychopathy; (3) the relationship between psychopathy and other personality dimensions; (4) childhood risk factors for psychopathy; (5) psychopathy in the context of risk factors for delinquency; and (6) the prevention and treatment of adolescent psychopathy. It is argued that the three dimensions of an arrogant, deceitful interpersonal style, deficient affective experience, and an impulsive or irresponsible behavioral style are most important at present in the definition of psychopathy. An ambitious research agenda is recommended, investigating the concept of adolescent psychopathy, developing new measures, conducting new longitudinal studies on development and risk factors, and mounting new randomized experiments on prevention and treatment.     

Effects of Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Children With Varying Levels of Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits

The purpose of this study was to examine whether callous–unemotional (CU) traits moderated the effects of intensive behavior therapy in elementary school-age children with varying levels of conduct problems (CP). Both treatment response (magnitude of change between pre- and posttreatment) and treatment outcomes (likelihood of normalization from treatment) were examined. Participants were 67 children (n = 49 boys, M_age = 9.6 years) with varying levels of CP and CU who participated in an intensive 8-week summer treatment program (STP) in which behavior therapy was delivered to children in recreational and classroom settings and to parents via weekly parent training sessions. Effects of treatment were measured using parent and teacher ratings of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), callous behavior, and impairment. Results showed that CU moderated treatment effects for CD and callous behavior but not ODD or impairment. The moderating effects showed some evidence that participants with high CP and high CU before treatment had better treatment responses (larger change between pre- and posttreatment) but worse treatment outcomes (lower likelihood of normalization after treatment). These results suggest that intensive treatment, such as the STP, may be necessary but not sufficient for children with CP and CU traits.