身体由我？肥胖谈论对大学生身体意象的影响

以生物-心理-社会模型为理论基础,通过两个实验探究肥胖谈论、性别、身体质量指数（BMI）、自我接纳等因素对大学生身体意象的交互影响。实验1发现肥胖谈论使大学生的身体意象更加消极;女生比男生的身体意象更加消极,且肥胖谈论对女生身体意象产生的负面影响更大;BMI指数高的大学生身体意象更加消极。实验2发现高自我接纳大学生身体意象更积极,且受肥胖谈论所造成的负面影响更小。研究结果表明大学生的身体意象受生物、心理、社会等各种内外因素的共同影响,为引导大学生建立健康的生活方式、发展积极身体意象提供证据与支持。     

积极身体意象的前因后果及其提升策略

积极身体意象是指个体对自己身体的认知接纳和独特性与功能性的欣赏,以及对身体评价信息的积极加工与保护,对个体具有内外增益的作用。以生物-心理-社会模型以及身体意象的操作性定义为理论框架,研究发现积极身体意象受到性别、年龄及身体质量指数等生物因素,人格因素、认知方式与内感受等心理因素以及重要他人、大众媒体及价值观念等社会文化因素的影响,对个体的身体认知、情绪体验及行为调控具有保护作用,其中,身体质量指数、神经质及感知来自重要他人和大众媒体的压力具有凸显性,心理因素与社会文化因素对个体积极身体意象的影响大于生物因素。同时,功能性聚焦干预和基于自我同情的干预成为了当前使用最多的两种提升策略,前者的有效性更强,而后者的应用与推广更具优势。未来研究可以基于交叉理论,丰富积极身体意象的理论模型,探究其发展特点与发生机制,优化提升策略的内容与适用性并注意家庭因素的防治作用,助推积极身体意象的中国化研究。     

男性身体意象失调:大众媒体的影响及作用机制

近年来,男性身体意象失调越来越普遍,大众媒体被认为是一种重要的影响因素。大量研究证实了媒体对男性身体意象的消极影响,主要表现在对身体意象的认知、情绪情感和行为调控等方面。研究者基于社会文化理论提出三重影响模型(Thompson,Heinberg,Altabe,Tantleff-Dunn,1999),用以解释媒体影响男性身体意象的作用机制。该模型假设社会文化因素,即家庭、同伴、媒体是身体意象失调的三个最初影响源;外貌比较和"瘦理想"或"肌肉理想"内化是社会文化和身体意象失调之间的中介变量。未来研究应关注被试群体的多样化,将实验室研究和纵向研究相结合,并考虑其他变量的影响作用,对三重影响模型进行丰富和拓展,同时运用脑科学技术探究其神经机制。此外,还应从干预的角度展开研究。     

男性理想体型变化及其影响因素

现代男性对自身体型的关注程度日益升高,理想体型也发生变化,从单一的肌肉发达体型发展为低体脂高肌肉的双维度体型。影响男性理想体型的因素主要分为两类:生物因素和社会文化因素。生物因素方面,不同性别、年龄和性取向的群体拥有不同的男性理想体型;社会文化方面,社会文化通过家庭、同伴和媒体三个渠道向理想体型施加影响。未来的研究应该进一步通过实验确立体脂与肌肉双维度的男性理想体型,并结合纵向研究验证生物及社会文化因素的影响,完善男性理想体型的理论系统,为政府制定身体意象相关的干预措施和政策提供详实有力的理论依据。     

青少年网络成瘾的预防与干预研究

网络成瘾障碍(Internet Addiction Disorder,IAD)已成为影响青少年身心健康和正常学业表现的重要因素。针对青少年网络成瘾的心理预防与干预研究已开展逾十年,分析与总结显示,已有研究采用个体、团体等不同干预模式,采用认知行为、动机激发等不同咨询与治疗理论,对青少年网络成瘾行为的干预进行了大量探索;其中以团体干预模式及认知行为疗法为主导,并呈现多模式多理论相融合的趋势。借鉴已有研究的成果与不足,我们采用家庭治疗、认知行为、动机激发等多种咨询与治疗理论,结合心理需求网络满足优势等网络成瘾理论,形成了个体-家庭-学校的多水平预防与干预方案,并得到了实证研究的检验。今后的研究应进一步考虑青少年网络成瘾的生理因素,将生物-心理-社会三方面相结合形成系统性的网络成瘾预防与干预模式。     

友谊质量与青少年直觉进食：链式中介模型及性别差异

基于积极心理学, 采用友谊质量量表、自我怜悯量表、身体欣赏量表和直觉进食量表, 对2438名初中生进行调查, 并运用结构方程模型探讨友谊质量与青少年直觉进食的关系、作用机制及其性别差异。结果表明：(1)友谊质量与直觉进食呈显著正相关; (2)自我怜悯和积极身体意象在友谊质量与直觉进食间起中介作用, 且该中介作用包含三条路径：自我怜悯的单独中介作用、积极身体意象的单独中介作用以及自我怜悯-积极身体意象的链式中介作用; (3)中介效应性别差异仅出现在友谊质量与直觉进食(分维度)的关系中, 即“无条件地允许进食”和“进食不受情绪影响”两个维度。研究结果为促进青少年形成积极身体意象、健康饮食行为提供了参考建议和干预指导。     

身体映像影响因素的生态系统分析

身体映像对个体的身心发展有重要的意义, 对它的研究在近20年来更是如火如荼地发展。根据布朗芬布伦纳的生态系统理论, 从微系统(父母、同伴、伴侣)、外系统(媒体)、宏系统(社会文化)以及处于系统中的个体因素四个方面, 对影响身体映像的因素进行初步的分类和归纳, 为身体映像的干预措施提供参考。     

青少年自我同一性发展的相关因素研究述评

自我同一性形成和发展是青少年的重要课题。本文在综合中外学者研究的基础上,分别从认知发展、家庭环境、学校教育、社会文化等方面因素对青少年自我同一性发展的影响进行了概括和总结。     

身体意象失调的成因:基于“镜中自我”的视角

身体意象失调指个体对身体的消极认知、消极情感体验和相应的消极行为调控。"镜中自我"理论提出他人的态度和评价就像一面"镜子",我们从"镜"中得以认识自己。依据此理论,身体意象失调的外部原因主要在于初级群体给予的消极性真实评价和次级群体给予的多样性真实评价,内部原因主要在于主观想象评价的恐惧和主观知觉评价的偏差。未来研究应进一步加强对失调源头的深度探索,拓展以社会兴趣为轴的干预策略,注重面子文化下他人取向的基底性影响,以此缓解失调不断加剧的现状,促进失调者的良性转化。     

在中学生中贯彻八荣八耻的核心与关键——广州市高中生攻击性现状调查与分析

本研究主要运用问卷调查的量化(Quantitativeinvestigation)方法,从攻击性行为、攻击性认知、攻击性情绪三个方面对广州青少年的攻击性状况及相关因素进行了调查研究。结果表明:①当前广州市高中生在攻击性行为表现上,青少年的身体攻击相对较高;在攻击性认知上,报复心理较为强烈;而在攻击性情绪表现上,青少年的冲动性较为突出。②住宿生与走读生的攻击性没有显著差异,在攻击性情绪上,走读生显著高于住宿生,尤其在冲动方面差异显著。③网络游戏类型与身体攻击行为、易怒情绪存在相关。     

Predicting Adolescents’ Self-Objectification from Sexualized Video Game and Instagram Use: A Longitudinal Study

A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents’ body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents’ use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents’ SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male; M_age?=?15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification.

     

Cognitive Indicators of Social Anxiety in Youth: A Structural Equation Analysis

Previous studies have demonstrated significant relationships among various cognitive variables such as negative cognition, self-efficacy, and social anxiety. Unfortunately, few studies focus on the role of cognition among youth, and researchers often fail to use domain-specific measures when examining cognitive variables. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine domain-specific cognitive variables (i.e., socially oriented negative self-referent cognition and social self-efficacy) and their relationships to social anxiety in children and adolescents using structural equation modeling techniques. A community sample of children and adolescents (n = 245; 55.9% female; 83.3% Caucasian, 9.4% African American, 2% Asian, 2% Hispanic, 2% “other,” and 1.2% not reported) completed questionnaires assessing social cognition and social anxiety symptomology. Three latent variables were created to examine the constructs of socially oriented negative self-referent cognition (as measured by the SONAS scale), social self-efficacy (as measured by the SEQSS-C), and social anxiety (as measured by the SPAI-C and the Brief SA). The resulting measurement model of latent variables fit the data well. Additionally, consistent with the study hypothesis, results indicated that social self-efficacy likely mediates the relationship between socially oriented negative self-referent cognition and social anxiety, and socially oriented negative self-referent cognition yields significant direct and indirect effects on social anxiety. These findings indicate that socially oriented negative cognitions are associated with youth's beliefs about social abilities and the experience of social anxiety. Future directions for research and study limitations, including use of cross-sectional data, are discussed.     

Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents

Negative body image thinking can be broken down into cognitive content (body dissatisfaction thoughts) and the way such thoughts occur. The present study focused on negative body image thinking as mental habit, i.e., the degree to which such thinking occurs frequently and automatically [Verplanken, Friborg, Wang, Trafimow, & Woolf, 2007]. In a sample of 250 adolescents (age 12-15) it was found that negative body image thinking habit uniquely accounted for variance in self-esteem and eating disturbance propensity over and above body image dissatisfaction. Considering negative body image thinking as a mental habit contributes to a deeper understanding of body dissatisfaction in adolescents, and may have implications for interventions to deal with such attitudes and their potentially harmful consequences.     

Adolescents’ Body Shame and Social Networking Sites: The Mediating Effect of Body Image Control in Photos

Adolescents’ social networking site (SNS) use has dramatically grown in the past few years and has increasingly become focused on pictures and visual self-presentation. Attention directed toward online physical appearance appears to trigger some body-related behaviors (e.g., body image monitoring) which potentially are related to self-objectification and problematic SNS use. Indeed, the use of social media platforms (including the active creation of content and peer interactions) provides a highly accessible medium for socializing with self-objectification. The present study evaluated the previously unexplored predictive role of body shame on SNS use, testing the mediating effect of body image control in photos on SNS. A total of 693 Italian adolescents (45% male; M_age?=?16 years, range?=?13–19 years) participated in the study. Results only partially confirmed the direct effect of body shame on problematic SNS use. However, body shame strongly predicted body image control in SNS photos, leading indirectly to both male and female adolescents’ problematic social media use. The study demonstrated novel findings in the field of self-objectification research and contributes toward the ongoing debate on possible predictors of problematic SNS use.

     

大学生负面身体自我认知加工偏好

基于负面身体自我图式理论,采用词汇判断任务的实验范式,探讨负面身体自我者的认知加工偏好。研究1考察胖负面身体自我大学生对胖相关的身体信息词加工偏好,结果表明,加工胖身体相关词的编码速度比对照组显著更快,对胖消极和隐喻词偏好量大于积极词。研究2考察瘦负面身体自我大学生对瘦相关的身体信息词的加工偏好,发现对瘦相关词的编码速度显著比对照组更快,但对瘦积极词、消极词、隐喻词、形似词编码的偏好量不存在差异。结果支持负面身体自我图式指导认知加工     

Cognitive risk factors explain the relations between neuroticism and social anxiety for males and females

The hierarchical model of vulnerabilities to emotional distress contextualizes the relation between neuroticism and social anxiety as occurring indirectly through cognitive risk factors. In particular, inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty (IU; difficulty in uncertain circumstances), fear of negative evaluation (FNE; fear of being judged negatively), and anxiety sensitivity (AS) social concerns (fear of outwardly observable anxiety) are related to social anxiety. It is unclear whether these risk factors uniquely relate to social anxiety, and whether they account for the relations between neuroticism and social anxiety. The indirect relations between neuroticism and social anxiety through these and other risk factors were examined using structural equation modeling in a sample of 462 individuals (M age = 36.56, SD = 12.93; 64.3% female). Results indicated that the relations between neuroticism and social anxiety could be explained through inhibitory IU, FNE, and AS social concerns. No gender differences were found. These findings provide support for the hierarchical model of vulnerabilities to emotional distress disorders, although the cognitive risk factors accounted for variance beyond their contribution to the relation between neuroticism and social anxiety, suggesting a more complex model than that expressed in the hierarchical model of vulnerabilities.     

Comparison of Media-Literacy Programs to Strengthen College Women's Resistance to Media Images

This study examined whether, in comparison to no-intervention and video-only intervention control conditions, two distinct media literacy interventions could promote media skepticism and reduce negative body image in a sample of college women ( N = 110). It was expected that an externally oriented ( i.e., feminist sociocultural) media literacy intervention would have its greatest impact on measures related to media skepticism, while an internally oriented ( i.e., cognitive) intervention would have its greatest impact on measures related to negative body image. Contrary to expectations, in comparison to the no-intervention condition, both media literacy interventions were similar in effectiveness to a video-only ("Slim Hopes," Kilbourne, 1995) condition in increasing participants' skepticism about the realism, similarity, and desirability of media that depict a thin ideal of beauty. There were no between-group differences on negative body image at posttest, suggesting that negative attitudes about one's body may require more extensive, longer-term interventions.     

"I bet they aren't that perfect in reality:" Appearance ideals viewed from the perspective of adolescents with a positive body image

In this qualitative study, we examined the topic of appearance ideals from the perspective of 14-year-old adolescents (N=29) with a positive body image. A thematic analysis revealed that the adolescents with a positive body image were very critical against current ideals, describing them as unnatural and unrealistic, and criticizing media for only showing those consistent with the ideals and having underlying intentions with doing so. Instead, the adolescents defined beauty widely and flexibly, stressed the importance of looking like 'oneself', and conveyed the idea of personality as outplaying looks. The perception of beauty as subjective was also prominent. These results may be helpful when forming preventions targeting those at risk for developing negative body image, adding support for preventions based on media literacy and feminist theories. Additionally, we stress the significance of providing adolescents with alternative ways of thinking about ideals, beauty, and attractiveness.     

Managing intergroup attitudes among Hong Kong adolescents: Effects of social category inclusiveness and time pressure

Previous research has shown a widespread bias among Hong Kong adolescents against Chinese Mainlanders. Based on social identity and social cognitive theories, we examined the effects of identity frame switching (situational induction of social category inclusiveness) and time pressure (environmental constraints on social information processing) on Hong Kong adolescents' attitudes toward Chinese Mainlanders. Results indicated that Hong Kong adolescents had acquired a habitual tendency to make social comparisons within an exclusive regional framework of reference. This habitual tendency might lead to negative judgment biases toward Chinese Mainlanders, particularly when the adolescents made social judgments under time pressure. In addition, switching to an inclusive national frame of reference for social comparison attenuated negative intergroup attitudes. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Body talk and body-related co-rumination: Associations with body image,eating attitudes,and psychological adjustment

Talk about physical appearance and body image is common among young women. We investigated how body talk (negative, positive/self-accepting, and co-ruminative) is related to body image, body-related cognitive distortions, disordered eating, psychological adjustment, and friendship quality via hierarchical regression analyses (controlling for social desirability and body mass index). In a sample of young adult women (N = 203), negative body talk was, as predicted, negatively related to body satisfaction and self-esteem and positively related to appearance investment, body-related cognitive distortions, disordered eating, and depression, but not friendship quality. Self-accepting/positive body talk was negatively related to body-related cognitive distortions and positively related to body satisfaction, self-esteem, and friendship quality. Body-related co-rumination demonstrated adjustment trade-offs, being related to body-related cognitive distortions, disordered eating, and higher friendship quality. Results indicated no advantage to negative body talk, both individual and relationship benefits from positive/self-accepting body talk, and mixed outcomes for body-related co-rumination