李提摩太与清末民初的“佛耶对话”

19世纪六、七十年代之前西方汉学家和传教士对中国宗教,特别是对佛教的研究很少。而李提摩太是来华传教士当中,率先从事佛耶比较研究并推动两教间对话的先行者,他在此方面有导夫先路之功。李提摩太的佛耶比较研究,建树颇多,并在其佛耶比较研究的基础上,积极推动"佛耶对话",为中西方文化交流会通做出巨大贡献。     

《回教考略》与清末民初的回耶对话

清末民初发生在中国回族穆斯林和基督教传教士之间的"回耶对话",是历史上文明对话研究的生动个案。而促成两方积极对话的《回教考略》(《四教考略》有关伊斯兰教部分的单行本)一书,则是其中尤其值得关注的关节点。通过《回教考略》的出版以及版本状况的查询、《回教考略》对伊斯兰教批评的具体状况的分析、回族穆斯林学者针对《回教考略》有所反响的八个个案的收集(在回族穆斯林学者中有相当的代表性),我们可以认识到《回教考略》一书在引起回族穆斯林学者注意到并起而反驳基督教对伊斯兰教的批评等方面都有着重要的影响。而从文明对话的角度进行分析,我们还可以看到围绕着《回教考略》的回耶对话的一些特点:其一,这一回耶对话总体上是因为基督教对伊斯兰教的明确批评及试图传教引起的,回族穆斯林学者对基督教方面所描述的有关伊斯兰教内容的辩驳和对基督教的批评,具有必然性;其二,对于伊斯兰教方面而言,这一回耶对话有着相当的"卫教"色彩;其三,虽然当时基督教处于一种主动的且是强势的地位,但这一次回耶之间的对话,却大抵是在一种平等的关系下进行的。     

艾香德牧师与中国佛教:民国时期宗教对话的一个案例

民国时期,中国佛教进入改革发展阶段,社会影响力也波及到其他各种宗教。挪威传教士艾香德来到中国后,受佛教影响,积极学习佛经,深入寺庙与佛教徒进行交流,参访南京支那内学院,撰写了有关中国佛教的著作,并依照佛教寺院制度,先在南京和平门外创办景风山基督教丛林,后又在香港建立道风山基督教丛林。艾香德以较为开放的胸怀倡导宗教对话与宗教联合,当时虽然没有得到人们特别重视,甚至还受到了一些批评,但在全球化的今天,宗教对话与宗教联合被越来越多的宗教团体所认同与接受,已成为世界宗教发展中的一种值得关注的文化现象,重新回视艾香德所倡导的宗教对话就显得更有理论价值与实践意义。     

哈佛大学中国伊斯兰教资料拾遗(一)

美国传教士克劳德·毕敬士(ClaudeL.Pickens,Jr.1900-1985)和妻子伊丽莎白·兹威默·毕敬士(ElizabethZwemerPickens)曾是“中国内地传教会”的基督教传教士。毕敬士夫妇及伊丽莎白的父亲塞缪尔·兹威默博士(D r.SamuelZwemer),以及英国传教士伊萨克·梅益盛(IsaacMason)等在中国的传教生涯中特别关注中国的穆斯林,尤其是回族穆斯林的情况,这是因为他们立志要让回族穆斯林皈依基督教的愿望,同时也培养了他们对中国伊斯兰教学术研究的兴趣。梅益盛先生曾把刘智的《天方至圣实录》翻译成英文在上海出版。毕敬士先生的岳父兹威默是一位矢…     

试从民国时期穆斯林新文化运动看文明对话的意义

在民国时期穆斯林新文化运动中,穆斯林学者对中国传统文化与伊斯兰文化做了深入的分析与对比,并对它们之间的关系问题作了深刻的反思,促进了中国传统文化与伊斯兰文化的互相交流与相互理解。民国时期穆斯林学者们的探索历程是一种积极的文明对话行为,有着很强的文化自觉意识。他们的这种文化认知行为和理论解释范式不仅是时代背景下文化多元意识的需要,而且也是推动跨文明对话的精神动力和有效途径。     

宗教与理性的跨文化心理学研究

信仰与世俗化科学之间的对立统一是自启蒙运动以来许多传统宗教社会所面临的问题。在当前的宗教心理学实证研究中,宗教信仰与科学理性的关系也日渐成为科学研究感兴趣的话题。同时在学科内部,宗教和科学关系的研究由于总是单向度的进行着,阻碍了对这一话题的深入探析。本文在相关宗教与理性关系的实证研究基础上,以美国基督徒、伊朗穆斯林、印度教徒等为主要研究对象,对宗教开放性假设进行跨文化的研究和探讨。同时采用意识形态模型(Ideological Surround Model,ISM)研究范式中的对话方式对相关实证研究结果进行进一步的思考和探索,鼓励跨文化的宗教信仰与科学理性的对话以及不同意识形态之间的对话,希望在理论上能够对国内宗教心理学的研究有所助益。     

无像崇拜与破坏神像:圣经禁像传统在中国的诠释

本文论述了圣经的禁像传统及其被中国开封犹太人与太平天国基督徒所挪用的特殊议题.论文呈现了希伯来圣经的禁像传统,分析了开封犹太人对这一传统的坚持,并能同本地人和平相处的现实,指出太平天国如何以极端的方式在中国形成了一个破坏神像的基督教革命派.通过探讨这两个群体对"不可为自己雕刻偶像"这一诫命的诠释与实践,我们更清楚地认识到外来宗教与中国本土宗教传统之间的相互尊重是何等重要.这对于认识和处理当今的宗教冲突与对话具有重要意义.     

简论明末清初道耶之争--以成都教案为中心

1644年天主教在川传播过程中发生了成都教案,是为明清天主教进入中国后与本土宗教道教唯一的一次正面冲突。这场教案并未留下太多的中文记载,但在传教士记录的西文文献中可以觅得踪迹。该文从早期入华传教士对道教的态度出发,并立足西文原始材料,详细阐述成都教案产生的过程、特点及背后的社会文化因素,进而分析道耶是如何在中国文化框架内进行宗教对话的。     

中国穆斯林服饰文化

伊斯兰文化作为一种认识把握世界的思维方式,深刻地影响着穆斯林群众的生活方式、行为准则和思想观念,渗透于穆斯林群众社会生活的方方面面,在整个社会历史发展过程中发挥着重要的作用。宗教作为一种特殊的文化现象,对大多数民族产生了不可估量的影响,特别是在全民信教的民族中,宗教几乎无处不在,甚至影响到他们的日常服饰上。本文以西北回族穆斯林服饰文化为例来解读中国穆斯林服饰中的宗教文化。一、宗教文化对服饰文化的影响伊斯兰教文化是中国穆斯林服饰文化形成的重要参照系,是穆斯林服饰文化形成的深层精神内涵。它对整个服饰文化具有…     

试析艾香德的耶佛对话观

挪威传教士艾香德的耶佛对话观历来极具争议.一方面,该对话观闪烁着包容、真诚、友谊的光芒,有放下自我、欣赏他者的气度和胸怀;另一方面,他的大尺度跨宗教传教策略不仅让本国挪威差会困扰,也让佛教徒抵触.本文试图通过描述艾香德与佛教寺庙的接触及与相关僧侣、传教士的交往,分析其耶佛对话方式,探寻他开展耶佛对话的起因,寻找该对话产生张力的根源,总结艾香德耶佛对话的理论特点,寻找宗教对话的可行之途.     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.