医生是否应该让患者参与医疗决策

美国法院要求医生在确定治疗方案时必须得到患者的知情同意。而近来伦理学家提出,尊重患者的自主权不仅要使其知情,还应让病人在医疗决策中发挥作用。然而有调查结果显示,事实上病人在参与医疗决策时起到的作用微乎其微。尽管医生也在为患者罗列出各种医疗方案,但多数医生并不希望由病人参与决策。而这些调查对为什么有时候病人不能充分参与医疗决策并未作出深入探讨,并忽视了对医生就病人参与医疗决策的认知分析。因此,笔者希望通过本次调查,在医生对患者参与医疗决策的态度、医生的态度如何影响病人以及临床医疗决策的构建等方面,做一次试…     

医生是否应该让患者参与医疗决策

美国法院要求医生在确定治疗方案时必须得到患者的知情同意.而近来伦理学家提出,尊重患者的自主权不仅要使其知情,还应让病人在医疗决策中发挥作用.然而有调查结果显示,事实上病人在参与医疗决策时起到的作用微乎其微.尽管医生也在为患者罗列出各种医疗方案,但多数医生并不希望由病人参与决策.而这些调查对为什么有时候病人不能充分参与医疗决策并未作出深入探讨,并忽视了对医生就病人参与医疗决策的认知分析.因此,笔者希望通过本次调查,在医生对患者参与医疗决策的态度、医生的态度如何影响病人以及临床医疗决策的构建等方面,做一次试探性、描述性的研究.     

临床实践中如何实现医患共同决策

<正>什么是医患共同决策?应该是指医患双方共同决定、共同参与医疗活动,就如何诊断,如何治疗,是否要进行某些特殊检查、检验,如何用药,是否手术,选择何种用药或治疗途径等共同商讨,答成一致。深层次上,应该包涵医疗、预防、保健的全过程,发挥医生与病人的积极性,共同完成预防、治疗和保健这项大事业。笔者对医患共同决策,有如下几点理解。1充分实现医疗信息的交流和共享临床工作的第一步是医生充分了解和掌握病人的     

外科手术决策过程中的情与法

越是给熟人、领导、要人做手术,出现各种手术相关问题的几率就越高。其原因主要是医生受各种情感因素的影响,降低了对医疗核心制度的执行标准,简化了术前准备,放宽了手术适应证,非理性地扩大了手术范围。解决方法:对待任何病人首先必须恪守法律和医疗规范,在此基础上尽可能与病人进行情感交流,达到医患共同自觉执行相关法律和规章,降低情感因素对手术决策的负性作用。     

外科手术决策过程中的情与法

越是给熟人、领导、要人做手术,出现各种手术相关问题的几率就越高.其原因主要是医生受各种情感因素的影响,降低了对医疗核心制度的执行标准,简化了术前准备,放宽了手术适应证,非理性地扩大了手术范围.解决方法:对待任何病人首先必须恪守法律和医疗规范,在此基础上尽可能与病人进行情感交流,达到医患共同自觉执行相关法律和规章,降低情感因素对手术决策的负性作用.     

临床决策的边界

探讨临床决策之边界,以期为临床医生合理决策提供参考。临床决策是日常医疗工作的核心内容,医生是临床决策的制定者和施行者。决策过程中,医生需综合考量多种因素,如病人的临床状况和真正需要解决的临床问题、法律法规、伦理和社会因素、诊疗规范和指南、经验总结、个案和基础研究、团队的技术能力、专业标准和临床预期等,这些因素组成了临床决策的基本边界,同时,这个边界会随着医学、文化、经济、社会的发展而变化。     

《医学与哲学》人文社会医学版2008年主要选题计划

医疗保险与临床决策：保险公司、病人与医生的不同视角与临床决策；诊疗决策最优化与个体化：决策最优化与病人的选择；当前临床决策最优化的困难与现实；决策中如何应对医疗风险？告知病人医疗风险的策略；医疗风险与医生自我保护；决策中如何考虑医疗纠纷的防范？[第一段]     

循证医学与喉癌治疗的临床决策

循证医学(Evidence-based medicine,EBM)的飞速发展正逐渐渗透到基础医学和临床医学的各个领域。目前喉癌治疗的临床决策还存在很多不规范和不合理的问题。这要求用循证医学的原则来指导和规范喉癌治疗的临床决策,以期能在目前条件下提高病人的治疗效果、降低医疗费用及提高生活质量。     

循证医学与喉癌治疗的临床决策

循证医学(Evidence-based medicine,EBM)的飞速发展正逐渐渗透到基础医学和临床医学的各个领域.目前喉癌治疗的临床决策还存在很多不规范和不合理的问题.这要求用循证医学的原则来指导和规范喉癌治疗的临床决策,以期能在目前条件下提高病人的治疗效果、降低医疗费用及提高生活质量.     

微创医疗的决策思考与实践——兼论微创手术最佳适应证的选择

微创医学是一个新的医学理论体系.在具体临床医疗决策过程中如何运用微创医学理论是一个必须解决的理论和实践问题.微创医学人文观、科学观、技术观和社会观是医疗微创化决策思想的主要内容,在实践中具有重要的指导意义,尤其是对于微创手术最佳适应证的选择.     

胃肠肿瘤过度治疗的成因与对策

尽管现代胃肠肿瘤的治疗效果得到了极大的提高,但过度治疗现象仍普遍存在。临床医生缺乏整体观念,过度关注“瘤体”本身;医患双方“宁左勿右”的心理现象以及经济利益驱动是过度治疗存在的根本原因。外科手术和综合治疗的过度化导致医疗资源的浪费和患者生活质量低下。只有以循证医学的原则指导和规范肿瘤治疗;建立正确的临床决策分析模式;更新观念,坚持个体化综合治疗;加强综合治理,才能使胃肠肿瘤治疗走上健康发展的道路。     

Gender differences over time in medical school stressors,anxiety, and the sense of coherence

Gender differences in the perception of medical school stressors, trait anxiety, and the sense of coherence were investigated in a longitudinal study in an Israeli medical school. The overall stressor score increased for both sexes from orientation to the second year of studies. The increase in the stressor score among women was due primarily to their increasing concern about professional status issues; for men, the academic demands factor contributed most to their increased overall stressor score. Trait anxiety increased and the sense of coherence decreased over time for both sexes. The gender difference in anxiety was significant in the first two stages, but disappeared in the third stage, indicating that although men had lower scores at all stages, their scores increased relatively more than women's over time. The findings suggest that the stressors of medical education have a negative effect on two personality resources needed to deal with life's demands.     

法医学鉴定循证实践的局限性及其对策

循证法医学实践尚处于起步阶段,存在循证意识薄弱、循证素养有待提高、证据资源匮乏、专业信息共享平台缺乏等局限性.要用发展的眼光看待循证法医学,知其优劣,寻找对策,将其理论辩证地应用于法医学实践中.     

情绪效价和唤醒对熟悉性和回想的不同影响

本研究检验了情绪的效价和唤醒对记忆提取阶段熟悉性过程和回想过程的影响及其心理机制。结果发现,编码阶段无分心任务时,积极图片的高、低自信再认准确率均高于消极图片,而唤醒对于高自信再认准确率的影响只限于消极图片;在编码阶段设置分心任务时,发现积极和消极的高唤醒图片的高自信再认准确率显著高于低唤醒图片。这些结果说明情绪的效价影响了熟悉性和回想两类记忆过程,而唤醒只影响回想过程,效价效应是编码阶段被试调用认知资源对积极图片进行精细加工的结果,而唤醒对回想过程的影响是自动编码高唤醒刺激细节的结果。     

Step by step: A microgenetic study of the development of strategy choice in infancy

To examine patterns of strategy choice and discovery during problem‐solving of a novel locomotor task, 13.5‐ and 18‐month‐old infants were placed at the top of a staircase and encouraged to descend. Spontaneous stair descent strategy choices were documented step by step and trial by trial to provide a microgenetic account of problem‐solving in action. Younger infants tended to begin each trial walking, were more likely to choose walking with each successive step, and were more likely to lose their balance and have to be rescued by an experimenter. Conversely, older infants tended to begin each trial scooting, were more likely to choose scooting with each successive step, and were more likely to use a handrail to augment balance on stairs. Documenting problem‐solving microgenetically across age groups revealed striking similarities between younger infants' strategy development and older children's behaviour on more traditionally cognitive tasks, including using alternative strategies, mapping prior experiences with strategies to a novel task, and strengthening new strategies. As cognitive resources are taxed during a challenging task, resources available for weighing alternatives or inhibiting a well‐used strategy are reduced. With increased motor experience, infants can more easily consider alternative strategies and maintain those solutions over the course of the trial.     

Parent‐implemented treatment for automatically maintained stereotypy

Automatically maintained stereotypy is common among children with autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multicomponent parent‐implemented intervention on the reduction of motor stereotypy for a child with autism. A 2‐year‐old child and her father participated in this study. The effect of a parent‐implemented intervention was evaluated using an alternating treatment design. The results indicated that the parent‐implemented treatment package including differential reinforcement, response blocking, and a competing stimulus decreased automatically maintained motor stereotypy.     

The rhinal cortex: 'gatekeeper' of the declarative memory system

Almost all studies probing neural activity underlying the declarative memory system in humans have investigated either memory encoding or retrieval. Here, however, we suggest integrating encoding and retrieval operations into a single operation executed by the rhinal cortex. The more familiar an item is, the less rhinal processing it requires and the less vigorously it is encoded into memory. Given the anatomical position and the functional properties of the rhinal cortex, this operation fulfills an essential task: it optimally allocates limited encoding resources away from familiar information and towards novel information. We propose a rhinal processing stage that optimizes the declarative memory system by fully integrating encoding and retrieval operations into a single 'gatekeeper' operation.     

2404例农民工急诊医疗现状调查与对策研究

为调查进城农民工急诊医疗现状,对2404例急诊住院治疗的农民工进行项目的回顾性调查研究。其中青壮年占79．1％,低学历占86．5％,创伤占83．7％,自费占76．9％;同时,统计显示,医疗欠费逐年增高。目前急诊医疗问题比较复杂,医疗保障制度不完善,医疗卫生资源分配不公平。为了改变这种局面,应当完善农民工的医疗保障机制,从制度上解决农民工急诊医疗问题。     

缝合复位治疗髌骨粉碎骨折效果分析

探讨缝合复位技术治疗髌骨粉碎骨折的临床疗效。自2005年3月至2011年7月应用髌骨骨折片缝合复位的方法配合内固定器械固定治疗髌骨粉碎骨折患者共24例。男13例,女11例;年龄23岁～62岁,平均42．2岁。1例为开放性髌骨粉碎骨折,其余为闭合性髌骨粉碎骨折。1例开放骨折采用横切口,其余采用纵直切口。暴露髌骨骨折后,用可吸收缝线紧密缝合骨折片,缝合的同时骨折得到复位及固定,后加用其他内固定器械加强固定。术后早期开始屈伸膝关节功能锻炼。结果24例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间8个月～24个月,平均13．4个月。8周随访均达到临床愈合,2个月～3个月（平均2．8个月）骨性愈合,无并发症发生。采用Bostman评分方法评定疗效：优21例,良3例,优良率100%。因此采用缝合复住技术治疗髌骨粉碎骨折,具有操作简便、手术时间短及关节面复位固定好等优点;配合内固定器械固定,使粉碎骨折复住后固定更稳定,术后可以早期功能锻炼,疗效确切。