The attribution of arousal and emergency helping: A bidirectional process

J. M. Piliavin, J. A. Piliavin, and J. Rodin (1969, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 289–299) and J. A. Piliavin, J. F. Dovidio, S. L. Gaertner, and R. Clark (1981, Emergency intervention, New York, Academic Press) proposed that physiological arousal is causally related to a bystander's response to an emergency. Examining this proposition, the current research investigated the hypothesis that residual arousal from an extraneous event has the capacity to facilitate as well as to inhibit bystander intervention during an emergency depending on whether the extraneous arousal is attributed to the emergency or whether the emergency-generated arousal is attributed to the extraneous event. Specifically, it was predicted that during an Unambiguous emergency, extraneous arousal from the prior performance of physical exercise would be attributed to the emergency and thus facilitate bystander responsiveness. During an Ambiguous emergency, however, emergency-generated arousal would be attributed to the prior performance of physical exercise and thus bystander responsiveness would be inhibited by higher levels of arousal. Fifty-four male subects performed no, moderate, or high levels of exercise before exposure to an Unambiguous or Ambiguous emergency. Results indicated that during the Unambiguous emergency, higher levels of prior exercise facilitated helping. However, when the emergency was Ambiguous, high levels of exercise tended to inhibit bystander responsiveness. Correlational analysis of telemetered heart rates and latency to intervene corroborated the above pattern of findings.     

Proof-Theoretic Modal PA-Completeness III: The Syntactic Proof

This paper is the final part of the syntactic demonstration of the Arithmetical Completeness of the modal system G; in the preceding parts [9] and [10] the tools for the proof were defined, in particular the notion of syntactic countermodel. Our strategy is: PA-completeness of G as a search for interpretations which force the distance between G and a GL-LIN-theorem to zero. If the GL-LIN-theorem S is not a G-theorem, we construct a formula H expressing the non G-provability of S, so that ⊢_GL-LIN ∼ H and so that a canonical proof T of ∼ H in GL-LIN is a syntactic countermodel for S with respect to G, which has the height θ(T) equal to the distance d(S, G) of S from G. Then we define the interpretation ξ of S which represents the proof-tree T in PA. By induction on θ(T), we prove that ⊢_PA S^ξ and d(S, G) > 0 imply the inconsistency of PA. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

社会风气·荣辱观·羞耻感

改善社会风气是树立社会主义荣辱观的目标。愈益泛滥的不良社会风气表明,荣耻不辨,耻感消解已成群体性的现象,出现了一种“去羞耻化”(实质是“去道德化”)倾向。“耻不从枉”,知耻而后正;要树立正确的荣辱观,关键在于“知耻”、“有耻”,在于要激发和培育“耻感”。耻感或羞耻心是人之为人的底线,是人格的基本点,人有耻感,是保持做人尊严的自因。因此,在提高物质生活水平的前提下,尊重和保障公民的基本权利,尊重人格,保护和激发全体社会成员的耻感,培育公民的自尊心,是树立社会主义荣辱观,从而促进良好社会风气的形成和发展的必要条件。     

公正世界信念：概念、测量、及研究热点

公正世界信念是美国心理学家Lerner最先提出的一个概念,即人们需要相信他们所处的世界是一个公正有序的世界,在这样一个世界里,人们得其所应得,并且所得即应得。公正世界信念为个体提供了一种对世界的可控制感,从而使人贯注于长远目标,并遵循社会规范行事。这对个体适应复杂的物理和社会环境具有重要意义。文章对公正世界信念的概念、测量、及当前的研究热点进行了简要介绍,并且指出,探讨公正世界信念与其他心理公正研究诸分支的区别和联系,借鉴内隐社会认知、内隐动机研究中的一些技术方法来研究公正世界信念,深入探索公正世界信念发挥作用的潜意识机制,可能是这一领域研究的发展方向     

古人论文学语言和意象

本文介绍古人对如何解决语言和意象不相一致这一问题的一些意见,并从中归纳出四种解决问题的方法：１．让形象说话,２．抓住事物主要特征,３．不即不离地描写,４．语言浅近     

内隐学习中表征与意识的关系

近年来研究者分别从表征的质量和表征的外显等级两个方面探讨了内隐学习中表征与意识的关系。有关表征质量与意识的研究,清晰地揭示了影响表征进入意识的因素;而有关表征外显等级与意识的研究,则明确地阐明了什么样的表征才是有意识的。但表征与意识的关系是一个十分复杂的问题,目前仍存在着很大的争议,还有待于进一步的探讨     

道教哲学的思想主题与逻辑建构

本文力求在吸收已有道教研究成果的基础上,尝试以现代哲学观念,对道教的价值关怀予以分析说明以建立符合现代学科要求的道教哲学形态。由于目前的工作仅是初步提出自己对道教哲学的一种理解,希望能够对此正处于建设中的学科的进展有所推动。     

论廉政的伦理内涵

廉政属于伦理范畴和道德规范。文中从“廉”“政”的语义入手,阐述了“廉政”的伦理内涵,探讨了“廉政”伦理内涵的层次。     

瑞文测验项目认知难度因素分析及LLTM拟合验证

该文在以认知和测量相结合为特征的新一代测验理论的指导下,针对项目刺激特征,对影响瑞文测验项目认知难度的因素进行了分析,提取出图块繁简度、整体布局、变化维度和题序等4个因素,然后应用线性逻辑潜在特质模型（LLTM）对这四个因素进行了拟合检验,结果证明提取出的四个因素是有效的。文章还进一步探讨了研究结果在智力测验中的应用。     

Editorial: Newman and Ecclesiology

Jerusalem is at the centre of Christian culture – the place of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection and the place of Pentecost – and the image of Jerusalem is fundamental to any Christian vision of the Church and the Kingdom. There was an earthly city and one in heaven; and since the temple was inseparable from the city, temple imagery – the Garden of Eden, the Holy Wisdom, the Messiah – appears in Christian hymns about Jerusalem. In the centuries preceding the advent of Christianity, both city and temple had become corrupt, so when Jesus cleansed the temple and prophesied the destruction of the city, many people would have applauded him. The harlot city that burned in the Book of Revelation was Jerusalem, and when the emperor Constantine built the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem, he was building a Christian temple, replacing not the one destroyed in 70 CE, but the original temple of Solomon.     

Events,processes, and the time of a killing

The paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of the time of a killing (ToK), which persistently besets theories of act-individuation. The solution proposed claims to expose a crucial wrong-headed assumption in the debate, according to which ToK is essentially a problem of locating some event that corresponds to the killing. The alternative proposal put forward here turns on recognizing a separate category of dynamic occurrents, viz. processes. The paper does not aim to mount a comprehensive defence of process ontology, relying instead on extant defences. The primary aim is rather to put process ontology to work in diagnosing the current state of play over ToK, and indeed in solving it.     

武汉地区大学生社会能力的结构及其问卷编制

从分析大学阶段的关键性发展任务出发,将我国大学生的社会能力分为事务处理能力、一般人际交往能力和建立与发展友谊的能力三个方面。以文献研究为基础,结合开放式问卷所获资料,分别提出了关于这三种社会能力结构的理论构想,编制了大学生社会能力问卷。武汉市1048名大学生参与了正式问卷的施测,结果表明,事务处理能力的四因素结构、一般人际交往能力的五因素结构和建立与发展友谊的能力的五因素结构是较为合理的,自编大学生社会能力问卷的信效度达到心理测量学要求。     

创业人格研究述评

创业领域的人格研究在经过了繁荣发展后, 于20世纪90年代受到了广泛的批评。本文在简要介绍了创业人格的研究历程后, 首先介绍了创业者人格特征与成功模型, 然后总结了创业研究中的具体人格特质和一般人格特质, 并从概念、样本、工具等六个方面分析了这类研究受到广泛质疑的原因, 最后指出了创业人格研究的四个努力方向：(1)创业内涵的界定和理论模型的建构; (2)研究设计和测量的改进; (3)调节与中介变量的考察; (4)创业绩效变量的更细致区分。     

城市居民视野中的医患关系——500份问卷的调查与思考

客观正确地认识和评价现实的医患关系,不仅是构建和谐医患关系的必要前提,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。在对城市居民的500份问卷调查的分析研究基础上,发现了当前医患关系上中值得重视和思考的三个问题,并相应地提出三点建议。     

English teaching and the weight of theory

The division between theory and pedagogy is an example of the more traditional division between theory and practice. The paper deals with the artificiality inherent in the institutional separation of those scholars who study within a subject area and those who study the pedagogy of the subject. The paper discusses various theoretical accounts of the nature of English to make the case that theory is imbued with pedagogy. That is, theory is not neutral about teaching. How we teach is driven by our theoretical commitments to our subject.