论伦理学的性质——兼论理论伦理学与应用伦理学的关系

本文针对现行伦理学把伦理学理解为关于道德的学问的片面性和忽视应用伦理学研究的缺陷 ,正面阐述作者对伦理学的性质以及理论伦理学与应用伦理学的关系的看法。作者认为作为哲学分支之一的伦理学既是人生哲学 ,也是价值哲学 ,又是幸福哲学。伦理学的意义在于 ,它能促进个人反思和规划人生并为之指示路向和提供原则 ,从理论上为社会确立终极价值目标和构建价值体系 ,为各门自然科学、社会科学、人文科学提供理论观念、一般原则和活动规范。伦理学的研究方法是反思、批判、构建有机统一的思辨方法。作者主张把运用理论伦理学的观念和原则解决当代人类生活和实践中出现的实际问题的应用伦理学研究划分为领域伦理学研究、职业伦理学研究、人群伦理学研究 ,认为它们构成应用伦理学研究的三个基本领域。     

伦理学在法医学实践中的举隅

本文在于探讨临床法医学、尸体检验以及法医科研中的道德问题,并试图寻求解决问题的途径;通过学习伦理学基本原则、实证分析等方法说明伦理学原则在法医学实践中的具体应用。结果发现尊重原则、知情同意原则以及隐私权、遗体权保护等问题在法医学实践中较为常见,将伦理学原则应用到法医学实践中可以减少群众投诉、信访、预防群体性事件、提高群众满意度等;最后提出转变工作思维方式及科技创新是解决法医学中伦理学问题的主要方法,法医需将以法律为准绳兼顾伦理学原则的思维方式作为工作指导。     

生命伦理学的学科框架、原则及相关问题之我见

生命伦理学应把主要的研究内容转移到精神、灵性与社会生命的伦理解读,研究什么是生命的伦理价值,以及"医疗与保健政策的公正"方面;生命伦理学的学科体系可分为原理(原道)、原论(原法)与原用(原实)三部分,可划分为理论生命伦理学与应用生命伦理学两部分;生命伦理学的原则可分为母原则,基本原则与应用原则;生命伦理学要鼓励创建各种学派,不要搞一言堂;在生命科学进化的今天,有必要保持心境平和,而不是戏剧性的躁动.     

对药品临床试验的伦理性与科学性的思考

药物临床试验首先要符合伦理学原则,同时又必须具备科学性.伦理学原则要求受试者最大程度受益和尽可能避免伤害.随机、双盲对照的方法在保障科学性的同时,对伦理学提出了挑战.     

对药品临床试验的伦理性与科学性的思考

药物临床试验首先要符合伦理学原则,同时又必须具备科学性。伦理学原则要求受试者最大程度受益和尽可能避免伤害。随机、双盲对照的方法在保障科学性的同时,对伦理学提出了挑战。     

药物临床试验中科学原则、法规原则与伦理原则的权重与取舍

药物临床试验既要符合伦理学原则、法规原则,又要具备科学原则.伦理学原则要求受试者最大程度受益和尽可能避免伤害.在法规原则上也首先强调的是受试者的权益,然而试验设计的科学性原则有很多时候却对伦理学提出了挑战.当药物临床试验的科学性、法规性与伦理性发生矛盾时,我们应把伦理问题摆在首位.     

论比彻姆和邱卓思生命伦理学的共同道德观

汤姆·比彻姆和詹姆士·邱卓思在《生命医学伦理原则》一书提出了尊重自主、有利、不伤害和公正四个生命伦理学原则。以共同道德作为四原则的来源和基础,结合反思平衡的方法广泛地应用于解决全球的生命伦理学的难题。通过梳理比彻姆和邱卓思的共同道德与生命伦理学原则的关系。进而研究共同道德观的内容、来源、与生命伦理学的关系,及在《生命医学伦理原则》新版本的发展。之后探讨了共同道德在生命伦理学方法中的重要作用。最后,阐释了比彻姆和邱卓思对共同道德的辩护。     

经济伦理与伦理经济--兼论经济伦理学的方法问题

经济伦理研究和伦理经济研究有共同的论域,即经济学与伦理学相交的范围;这种研究必须面对现实的经济生活和社会道德状况,并从中引申出经济与伦理交互作用的规律性;作为经济学与伦理学的交叉学科,经济伦理学既是一门实证科学,又是一门价值学科;经济伦理学的研究必须遵循实事求是的原则、历史与逻辑相统一的原则和价值学的原则.     

转基因食品与人类健康初探

随着转基因食品不断地进入市场,学者和公众对转基因食品是否危害人类健康展开了激烈的争论。介绍转基因食品安全性评价的科学指标,运用伦理学的基本原则对两种观点进行了分析,并提出对转基因食品采取“有罪推定”的战略。     

转基因食品与人类健康初探

随着转基因食品不断地进入市场,学者和公众对转基因食品是否危害人类健康展开了激烈的争论.介绍转基因食品安全性评价的科学指标,运用伦理学的基本原则对两种观点进行了分析,并提出对转基因食品采取"有罪推定"的战略.     

Living donation and cosmetic surgery: a double standard in medical ethics?

The commitment of transplant physicians to protect the physical and psychological health of potential donors is fundamental to the process of living donor organ transplantation. It is appropriate that strict regulations to govern an individual's decision to donate have been developed. Some may argue that adherence to such regulations creates a doctor-patient relationship that is rooted in paternalism, which is in drastic contrast with a doctor-patient relationship that is rooted in patients' autonomy, characteristic of most other operative interventions. In this article we analyze the similarities between cosmetic plastic surgery and living donor surgery as examples of surgeries governed by different ethical principles. It is interesting that, while the prevailing ethical approach in living donor surgery is based on paternalism, the ethical principle guiding cosmetic surgery is respect for patients' autonomy. The purpose of this article is not to criticize either practice, but to suggest that, given the similarities between the two procedures, both operative interventions should be guided by the same ethical principle: a respect for patients' autonomy. We further suggest that if living organ donation valued donors' autonomy as much as cosmetic plastic surgery does, we might witness a wider acceptance of and increase in living organ donation.     

MATERIALISM, SOCIOCULTURAL APPEARANCE MESSAGES, AND PATERNAL ATTITUDES PREDICT COLLEGE WOMEN'S ATTITUDES ABOUT COSMETIC SURGERY

Rates of cosmetic surgery procedures have increased dramatically over the past several decades, but only recently have studies of cosmetic surgery attitudes among the general population begun to appear in the literature. The vast majority of those who undergo cosmetic surgery are women. We examined cosmetic surgery attitudes among 218 undergraduate women, most of whom were White. Specifically, we examined their acceptance of cosmetic surgery and expressed desire to undergo cosmetic surgery procedures, and several potential predictors: appearance attitudes of mothers, fathers, and friends; awareness and internalization of sociocultural appearance messages; and materialism. Multiple regression analyses indicated that materialism and internalization of sociocultural messages consistently emerged as significant predictors of acceptance of cosmetic surgery and desire for cosmetic surgery procedures. Paternal attitudes positively predicted acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons and desire for cosmetic surgery; nonmaterialism negatively predicted considering cosmetic surgery and the desire for cosmetic surgery procedures.     

Blame it on patriarchy: More sexist attitudes are associated with stronger consideration of cosmetic surgery for oneself and one's partner

In the present work, we examined associations between oppressive, sexist beliefs and consideration of cosmetic surgery for oneself and also endorsement of cosmetic surgery for one's romantic partner. A total of 554 German‐speaking volunteers from the community, mainly in Austria, completed measures of consideration of cosmetic surgery and three measures of sexist attitudes, while a subset of participants in romantic relationships completed a measure of endorsement of cosmetic surgery for their partners along with the measures of sexism. Preliminary analyses showed that women and single respondents were more likely to consider having cosmetic surgery than men and committed respondents, respectively. Further analyses showed that consideration of cosmetic surgery for oneself was significantly associated with sexist attitudes, particularly hostile attitudes to women. In addition, among participants in a relationship, sexist attitudes were associated with endorsement of cosmetic surgery for one's partner. These results indicate that attitudes to cosmetic surgery for oneself and one's partner are shaped by gender‐ideological belief systems in patriarchal societies. Possible implications for understanding the motivations for having cosmetic surgery, among both single respondents and couples, are discussed.     

Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery patients: the role of culture and social contact

Cosmetic surgery is increasingly popular globally, but how cosmetic surgery patients are socially evaluated is largely unknown. The present research documents attitudes toward these patients in multiple cultures (Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States). Across these cultures, attitudes toward cosmetic surgery patients were predominantly negative: Participants ascribed more negative attributes to cosmetic surgery patients and found cosmetic surgery not acceptable. Also, participants in Hong Kong and Japan were not willing to form social relationships, particularly intimate ones, with these patients. These attitudes were less negative in the United States than in Hong Kong and Japan, partly because social contact, which reduced negativity in attitudes toward cosmetic surgery patients, was more prevalent in the United States. These findings bear important implications for the subjective well-being of cosmetic surgery patients, who very often expect improvement in their social relationships through the surgery.     

ATTITUDES TOWARD COSMETIC SURGERY IN MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN: BODY IMAGE, AGING ANXIETY, AND THE MEDIA

Our study investigated factors that influence attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women. A sample of 108 women, aged between 35 and 55 years, completed questionnaire measures of body dissatisfaction, appearance investment, aging anxiety, media exposure (television and magazine), and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery (delineated in terms of general attitudes, social motivations, and actual consideration). Body dissatisfaction, appearance investment, aging anxiety, and both media variables predicted some facet of attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Specifically, appearance investment, aging anxiety, and television exposure were unique predictors of endorsement of social motivations for cosmetic surgery, whereas body dissatisfaction, appearance investment, and television exposure were unique predictors of actual consideration of cosmetic surgery. Regression analysis revealed that the effects of media on cosmetic surgery attitudes were primarily direct. We concluded that there are multiple influences on attitudes toward cosmetic surgery for women of middle age.     

Objectification Theory Predicts College Women’s Attitudes Toward Cosmetic Surgery

This study investigated cosmetic surgery attitudes within the framework of objectification theory. One hundred predominantly White, British undergraduate women completed self-report measures of impression management, global self-esteem, interpersonal sexual objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and three components of cosmetic surgery attitudes. As expected, each of the objectification theory variables predicted greater consideration of having cosmetic surgery in the future. Also, as expected, sexual objectification and body shame uniquely predicted social motives for cosmetic surgery, whereas self-surveillance uniquely predicted intrapersonal motives for cosmetic surgery. These findings suggest that women’s acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a way to manipulate physical appearance can be partially explained by the degree to which they view themselves through the lenses of sexual and self-objectification.     

Cosmetic Surgery: A Common and Accepted Form of Self‐Improvement?1

The pursuit of beauty through alteration of physical appearance is a growing trend. Rates of cosmetic surgery have soared, suggesting that surgery is a common, acceptable solution to the desire for self‐improvement. Despite indications that surgeries are increasing in frequency, there have been few empirical investigations about popular attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. In the present study, 302 female undergraduate students were surveyed. Approximately 3% of the sample had undergone cosmetic surgery themselves, and half knew at least 1 person among their friends and family who had undergone cosmetic surgery. As hypothesized, approval and reported future likelihood of cosmetic surgery were predicted by greater media exposure, greater vicarious experience of cosmetic surgery, and greater importance of appearance to self‐worth. No significant differences among ethnic groups were found.     

The role of media and peer influences in Australian women's attitudes towards cosmetic surgery

The study aimed to examine the influence of media and peers on attitudes towards cosmetic surgery using a sociocultural framework. A sample of 351 Australian women aged 18–69 years completed measures of media exposure, friend conversations, internalisation of appearance ideals, appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction, and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Correlational analysis showed that almost all media and friend variables were significantly correlated with positive attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. A structural equation model based on the sociocultural model showed a good level of fit to the data. The effects of media exposure and friend conversations on body dissatisfaction and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery were mediated by internalisation. We concluded that media exposure and friend conversations affected attitudes towards cosmetic surgery both directly and indirectly. Our results contribute to the understanding of the sociocultural mechanisms underlying women's motivations for cosmetic surgery.     

Cosmetic surgery in inpatients with eating disorders: attitudes and experience

Body image disturbance is frequent among individuals undergoing cosmetic surgery and core to the pathology of eating disorders (ED); however, there is little research examining cosmetic surgery in ED. This study examined body image related measures, ED behaviors, and depression as predictors of attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in 129 women with ED. Patients who had undergone surgery (n = 16, 12%) were compared to those who had not. Having a purging diagnosis, linking success to appearance, and making physical appearance comparisons were predictive of more favorable cosmetic surgery attitudes. All of those who had undergone surgery had purging diagnoses and, on average, were older, had higher BMIs, and were more likely to make physical appearance comparisons and know someone who had undergone surgery. In ED, acceptance and pursuit of cosmetic surgery appears to be related to social group influences more than weight and shape disturbance, media influences, or mood.     

Correlates of Young Women’s Interest in Obtaining Cosmetic Surgery

This study examined predictors of young women’s interest in obtaining cosmetic surgery. The sample investigated was comprised of 101 college undergraduates residing in the northeastern U.S. (M age?=?19.99, SD?=?4.79). Participants’ weight status (M BMI?=?24.52, SD?=?5.69), body dissatisfaction, internalization of media messages, reports of physical appearance teasing, and interest in obtaining cosmetic surgery were assessed. Results indicated that all of the predictors examined were correlated with women’s interest in cosmetic surgery. Further, body dissatisfaction mediated the relations between weight status, internalization of media messages, reports of teasing, and women’s interest in cosmetic surgery. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of understanding cosmetic surgery trends and young women’s susceptibility to body dissatisfaction.