多动症儿童教育方式研究

本文选取35名多动症儿童为被试,采用《康纳多动症评分量表》对经医学确诊的多动症儿童进行可疑程度分析.采用姚树桥、龚耀先编制的《儿童适应行为评定量表》对被试的社会适应行为进行评量.结果表明:多动症儿童在不同程度上存在适应行为问题,特别是在社会责任方面的水平较低,从年龄发展来看多动症儿童在小学三、四年级时适应水平最低.据此提出教育训练的重点和教育建议.     

多动症和学习困难儿童父母教育方式探讨

本研究采用两种测量工具,对137名儿童(其中学习困难儿童46名,多动症儿童50名,控制组儿童41名)的父母的教育方式进行了评估.结果表明,在教育方式的不同方面和教育方式类型上,学习困难和多动症组儿童的父母与对照组父母存在显着差异.最后,本文结合父母的期望,教育方式与儿童行为问题的关系对结果进行了讨论.     

多动症的遗传学研究概述

多动症多始于儿童期,并能持续至成年期。传统的家庭、双生子和养子女研究表明,多动症是受遗传影响的。双生子研究现在被用来定义多动症表型,分析性别差异,测试基因对持续性和共病的影响,以及研究遗传与环境的互动。多动症的分子遗传学研究集中在功能候选基因的关联分析上。多动症与DRD4和DRD5的关系比较一致。最新的研究也显示COMT的影响。关联分析（linkage analysis）显示这些单个基因的影响都不大。这个领域还有待于大规模的“全基因关联”分析。至今为止的证据显示,研究基因-表型关联以及基因与环境互动对多动症的影响将日趋重要     

孩子好动与多动症有区别

伟伟从小就特别好动,静不下来,整天到处乱跑,乱翻东西。只有看动画片时他才能安静下来,可一旦动画片结束,他又是“大闹天宫”。父母说：他就像那个孙猴子,一刻也静不下来,整个家被他闹得乌烟瘴气的。朋友说：这孩子如此好动,会不会是患上了小儿多动症？你们还是好好带他到医院去看一看。     

关于儿童多动症的表现特征及教育措施的浅谈

多动症是学龄前儿童出现的比较突出的行为问题。有相关研究资料表明,近年来我国多动症儿童发病率越来越高,有的甚至延续到成年。多动症又称为注意力缺陷和活动过度,常常表现情绪易激动,注意力不集中,易转移,动作协调能力差,认知功能障碍等。而这些行为的出现严重地影响了学龄前儿童的学习成绩,更是学龄前儿童社会性发展的重大障碍。     

多动症儿童的智力水平、行为与认知事件相关电位的研究

通过对多动症 (MBD)儿童的智力、行为和认知事件相关电位的分析研究,发现多动症儿童的智力水平正常但均数都低于正常儿童,行为问题的检出率和行为量表指数高于一般正常儿童,反映大脑认知功能的事件相关电位的N2、P3的潜伏期较之正常儿童组均延长,且差异均达到显著性水平。     

服刑人员社会适应、父母教养方式及其应对方式研究

目的：了解服刑人员的社会适应状况,探讨服刑人员社会适应状况与其早期父母教养方式、应对方式之间的关系。方法：采用服刑人员社会适应量表、父母教养方式问卷和简易应对方式问卷对92名服刑人员进行调查。结果：（1）服刑人员的社会适应水平较劳教人员差;（2）服刑人员的早期父母教养方式与常模组有显著差异;（3）服刑人员的应对方式与常模组有显著差异,其积极应对和消极应对两个因子的得分都显著高于常模组;（4）服刑人员的父母教养方式、应对方式与社会适应准备状况之间存在一定程度的关系;（5）不同类型的服刑人员,其父母教养方式、应对方式和社会适应状况没有显著差异。结论：提高服刑人员的社会适应水平,帮助服刑人员做好回归社会的心理准备,是预防和减少再犯罪的有效途径。     

父母教育方式与儿童的学校适应

本研究综合运用社会测量法、访谈、问卷调查等方法,以304名小学二年级儿童为被试,考察儿童父母的教育方式与儿童在学校的社会适应及学业成绩的关系.研究发现:1)父母的教育方式与儿童在学校的社会适应及学业成绩有密切的关系,而且,二者的相关与西方父母教育方式与儿童在相应方面行为表现的关系相似,这表明,与西方父母相比,虽然我国父母的教育方式有更为严厉的特点,但是,这种跨文化的差异并不影响教育方式在中西方文化背景下对儿童的社会性、认知发展发挥相同的作用;2)与西方的研究结果相反,我国父母的严厉性教育方式与儿童的害羞存在负相关,这种差异可能是由于在中西方文化中害羞-抑制具有不同的心理学含义所致;3)在我国,父亲的教育方式与儿童认知、社会性表现的关系比母亲的教育方式与儿童的关系更强,这一现象可能与我国社会中,父亲是家庭生活中的重要角色有关.     

基于时间顺序的多动症共病的概述

多动症是一种常见的行为障碍,它以注意力不集中、多动、行为冲动为主要特征。同时多动症是一组异质性疾病,常与一种或几种精神或非精神障碍相伴发生。以往关于多动症合并症状的研究,大都局限在一个或几个合并症状上,缺乏关于其合并症状的系统认识。基于以往研究,文章以多动症合并症状发生的时间顺序为线索,将其分为前期、同期、后期合并症,并逐一详细介绍。未来应该加强关于多动症患者的纵向研究,以了解症状的发展状况,更好的诊断和治疗多动症。     

西方有关父母教养方式与青少年问题行为关系的理论及其研究综述

对父母教养方式和青少年问题行为之间关系的研究主要集中在西方心理学和社会学界,国内在此领域内的理论探讨和经验性研究都很缺乏。本文对近五十年来西方在父母教养方式和青少年问题行为发展之间的关系上的几种主要理论模型及部分经验性研究进行了客观的回顾,简要介绍了双因素论(危险性因素与保护性因素)、社会控制理论、社会背景模型和强制模型。     

Interventions to Address the Academic Impairment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD

There exists a strong link between ADHD and academic underachievement. Both the core behavioral symptoms of ADHD and associated executive functioning deficits likely contribute to academic impairment. Current evidence-based approaches to the treatment of ADHD (i.e., stimulant medication, clinical behavior therapy and classroom behavioral interventions) have demonstrated a robust impact on behavioral variables such as attention and disruptive behavior within classroom analogue settings; however, their efficacy in improving academic outcomes is much less clear. Although surprisingly few treatment outcome studies of ADHD have attempted to incorporate interventions that specifically target academic outcomes, the studies that are available suggest that these interventions may be beneficial. The state of the treatment literature for addressing academic impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD will be reviewed herein, as well as limitations of current research, and directions for future research.     

South African Teachers' Experiences of Children in their Classrooms who may have ADHD

This study focused on understanding and explaining how teachers experience children in their classrooms who may have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study was a qualitative study in which 17 teachers from three different schools in Gauteng, South Africa, were interviewed. Content theme analysis was conducted on the textual data. Findings from the study indicate that (1) the teachers kept children who might have ADHD busy with different activities in order to manage their classrooms more effectively, (2) the teachers believed that children who might have ADHD challenged them, and (3) the teachers believed that they needed to share information with other teachers on how to manage and support children who might have ADHD and also that they needed outside assistance from a specialist. The study points to the complex experiences of teachers who have to deal with children with ADHD in their classrooms and recommends increased collaboration between professionals and teachers.     

Talk About School Between Mothers and Children With or Without ADHD

Twenty mother-child dyads including a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 20 mother-child dyads containing a child without ADHD recorded a conversation about the children's school experiences. Mothers' ratings of their children's school-related performance were also assessed. Mothers of children with ADHD rated their children's behavioral conduct lower than did other mothers, and dyads including children with ADHD discussed behavioral conduct more and academics and interpersonal relationships less than did the other group of dyads. For ADHD dyads, less elaboration about children's interpersonal relationships was related to lower maternal ratings about children's school-related performance. The results are discussed in relation to potentially poorer developmental outcomes for many children with ADHD.     

两种亚型ADHD儿童的促进和抑制加工

采用图片Stroop任务,对两种亚型ADHD儿童的促进和抑制加工进行了研究。结果发现,不论在反应时还是错误率上,ADHD儿童和正常儿童在促进效应上的表现模式相似,但ADHD儿童在错误率上比正常儿童表现出更大的抑制效应,混合型ADHD儿童的抑制效应更大于注意缺陷型儿童。由于ADHD儿童仅选择性地在抑制加工上受损,而促进加工正常,这一结果提示,促进和抑制可能是具有不同机制的、分离的加工过程。     

Assessing Stress in Families of Children with ADHD: Preliminary Development of the Disruptive Behavior Stress Inventory (DBSI)

This paper describes the initial development of the Disruptive Behavior Stress Inventory (DBSI). This 40-item measure, which provides indices of the number of stressors experienced during the past 6 months and the rated stressfulness of these events, is designed to assess behavior-related family stress experienced by families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Findings provide strong support for the internal consistency of the DBSI and suggest adequate test-retest reliability. Support for the validity of the measure is suggested by findings that DBSI stress indices differentiate between parents of children with ADHD and those with no history of this disorder. Additional support is provided by findings that scores on the DBSI also differentiate between parents of children with ADHD, combined type and parents of children with ADHD, inattentive type. It is suggested that this measure may provide useful clinical information regarding stress levels in families of children with ADHD and that it may be of potential value as an ADHD treatment outcome measure.     

Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Mental Retardation/Borderline Intellectual Functioning and ADHD

Fifty-two children (ages 7 to 14 years) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate (MPH). Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up. While 72% of the sample evidenced improvement, over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners. In fact, 22% of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up. Finally, subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings. The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties.     

A Playroom Observation Procedure to Assess Children with Mental Retardation and ADHD

Forty-two children (ages 6 to 12 years old) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were studied in a laboratory playroom setting to determine whether children identified as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or controls differed on activity and attentional measures. Children with ADHD were further divided into ADHD + conduct problems (ADHD + CD) and ADHD-only subgroups (with an ADHD-combined group comprising children of both subgroups). An interval recording system was used to code observations of independent play and a restricted academic task. Results indicated that the ADHD-combined group was significantly more vocal and engaged in a significantly greater number of toy changes than controls during independent play. Significant group differences were also noted during the restricted academic task, with the ADHD-combined and ADHD + CD groups more off-task and engaging in a greater number of toy touches than controls. Discriminant analyses found independent play measures to predict group membership in 70 percent of cases (ADHD-combined vs. controls), but in only 64 percent of cases using measures from the restricted academic task. No significant findings resulted when the ADHD subjects were further divided into two subgroups. Despite some inconsistent findings, such laboratory-based observations may be of value in the diagnosis of ADHD in children with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning.     

Commentary on the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD

The multimodal treatment study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (MTA Study) constitutes a landmark in the history of treatment research in child psychopathology, being the largest single study of its kind ever undertaken. Important findings have emerged from this project, as the papers in the present volume will attest. This commentary focuses on several concerns about the assumptions that appear to have guided the design of the MTA study, particularly its psychosocial treatment component, as well as the manner in which treatment results have been presented to date. In particular, no explicit theory of ADHD appears to have guided the construction of the treatment components, relying instead on implicit theories associated with those treatments, such as the notion that the symptoms of ADHD arise through faulty learning and defective contingencies of reinforcement. Future articles from this study will need to address these and other concerns if the results of the study are to be properly interpreted and the scientific and clinical yield is to be maximized.