对农药残留标准的再认识

伴随着工农业生产的迅速发展,化学农药应用范围也越来越广,由此引发了农药中毒及农药残留标准等问题.有机磷农药是目前全世界范围内使用最广、用量最大的一类杀虫剂,有机磷农药可以引起急性中毒、慢性神经毒性等危害.以有机磷农药为例,探讨农药危害和农药残留标准中的几个问题.     

急性有机磷农药中毒救治中的几个问题

解决急性有机磷农药中毒病死率居高不下的问题,必须提高救治中的辩证思维。正确理解标本兼治的含义,外周性、中枢性抗胆碱药物和复能剂联合应用,合理维持阿托品化,积极应用机械通气进行必要的呼吸支持治疗和适时行血液灌流治疗是救治有机磷农药中毒的有效保证。     

急性有机磷农药中毒救治中的几个问题

解决急性有机磷农药中毒病死率居高不下的问题,必须提高救治中的辩证思维.正确理解标本兼治的含义,外周性、中枢性抗胆碱药物和复能剂联合应用,合理维持阿托品化,积极应用机械通气进行必要的呼吸支持治疗和适时行血液灌流治疗是救治有机磷农药中毒的有效保证.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚抢救急性有机磷农药中毒临床辨析

了解目前急性有机磷农药临床救治概况,明确盐酸戊乙奎醚抢救技术的内涵,浅析急性有机磷农药中毒的临床诊断和病情评估,强调重度急性有机磷农药中毒早期盐酸戊乙奎醚及氯解磷定的应用和其他急救措施,提出阿托品化后盐酸戊乙奎醚和氯解磷定的应用方法,口服中毒的洗胃注意点和导泻在治疗中的意义,对已用阿托品治疗后盐酸戊乙奎醚的应用.     

探究安定与阿托品联合使用对小鼠有机磷中毒的治疗效果

目的通过观察时小鼠进行有机磷农药灌胃后的症状与分别注射一定量阿托品和安定后小鼠所产生的反应与存活情况,来探究安定与阿托品对解救小鼠有机磷中毒的作用效果,对临床解救有机磷中毒提供更加有效的方案。方法给予小鼠致死剂量有机磷农药（敌百虫）灌胃给药,再腹腔注射给予适量阿托品与安定注射液,观察并记录小鼠中毒与给治疗抒物后的临床表现以及死亡时间。．结果实验组小鼠后期因个体体质差异导致有小鼠异常死亡3只,但总体上显示安定与阿托品对有机磷中毒具有一定的治疗效果结论阿托品与安定对解救有机磷中毒均有效,两者混合使用效果更佳,混合使用效果与使用顺序无关。     

关于节俭与消费的道德思考

在市场经济条件下 ,中国传统的节俭观既有其合理性又有其局限性 ,而消费主义只是市场经济中异化生产和异化消费的产物。中国的消费主义者提出的消费光荣、节俭不是美德等观点对于解决有效需求不足 ,既没有对症下药 ,且危害极大。消费伦理冲突和矛盾的解决 ,在于合理性消费标准的界定 ,其标准应是以下四者的结合 :需求层次标准、效用标准、社会规范标准和生态标准。     

元代"庸医泛滥"之历史解读

通过对元文献史料的查检、爬梳,以元代庸医危害范围之广、程度之深、元人及今日学者对它的评价等为依据,认为用"庸医泛滥"来形容元代的医疗状况是合适的;造成元代庸医泛滥的原因是多方面的,包括缺少对行医资格的有效管理、使用假药与劣质药、政府对医学教育不重视.     

普通话听力估计的损伤阈

一、问题的提出 噪声对人体的危害,特别是直接对听力的危害,随着现代工业的迅速发展,已成为公害之一,越来越普遍地引起人们的极大关注。为了控制噪声和制定出可行的噪声允许标准,以期达到对人体的危害减少到最低的程度,多年来,国内外已做过不少的工作。 就人的听域而言,在一定的强度下,可听到的频率范围是很宽的。然而,就在现代化     

国际民族冲突类型的宗教成因

按照不同标准可把民族冲突划分为不同类型。本文将宗教成因作为划分标准,把世界民族冲突划分为基穆冲突、巴以冲突、印巴冲突、僧泰冲突、北爱尔兰问题和巴斯克人问题、美国的拉美裔问题、非洲部族冲突等。这些冲突似乎是民族冲突,其实也都是宗教冲突,确切说是民族冲突与宗教冲突的合成,因此彰显了民族冲突的宗教成因。研究世界民族冲突类型的宗教成因,对挖掘民族宗教冲突的文化根源,寻找世界民族冲突的类型成因,识别各类世界民族冲突的危险等级和危害程度,分析世界民族冲突的未来趋势都具有重大的现实意义;对于解开民族冲突与宗教冲突的因果关系具有重要理论价值。     

浅谈日本漫画口袋书存在的问题及对策

日本漫画口袋书在中国漫画市场中占据着重要地位.但日本漫画口袋书中存在的恐怖阴暗、暴力色情、拜金主义、乱改名著等问题,对青少年读者的危害极大.因此政府、出版业和学校等各个方面要通力合作,整顿漫画市场,清除这些危害.     

Age and Gender Differences in the Use of Various Poisoning Methods for Deliberate Parasuicide Cases Admitted to Loghman Hospital in Tehran (2000–2004)

Different methods of poisoning used by individuals with the diagnosis of parasuicide admitted to the Loghman Hospital, Tehran, from 2000 to 2004 were investigated, with particular focus on gender and age differences. Drugs, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals (women: 12.7%, men: 9%) were the most commonly used methods. In males, the percentage of use of drugs increased with age, but the frequency of pesticides use decreased with age. In females, drugs were most often used in the youngest age group, whereas the use of pesticides was lowest in the youngest age category. Females outnumbered males, especially in the youngest age group of 10 to 19 years olds. Drugs and pesticides were the substances used most often for parasuicide in each age group regardless of gender.     

广西各种意外性急性中毒2330例的特点分析

为了探讨广西意外急性中毒特点,调查分析了63家市、县、乡镇医疗单位的2330便意外性急性中毒病历资料。结果显示农村以男性、36岁～60岁、务农与农药类毒物的病例分布率（依序为：55．19％、42．21％、72．81％、40．21％）明显高于城镇（依序为：45．35％、30．95％、3．50％、3．83％）,城镇以女性、20岁～35岁、务工、无职业、化学类毒物的病例分布率（54．65％、38．11％、35．15％、29．69％、56．56％）显著高于农村（44．81％、25．26％、4．59％、11．26％、21.32％）（均为P〈0．005）。另农村农药类毒物以有机磷（占48．28％）最高,城镇化学类毒物以CO（占89．16％）最高;意外中毒病例数平均每年以13．82％的速度在递增。说明广西意外中毒人群结构与毒物种类在城乡间具有明显差别。     

Pesticides and Policies

ABSTRACT The decision to accept or to reject an empirical hypothesis concerning the risks and hazards of a pesticide requires assessing the cost's of error if the wrong decision is taken. The assessment of such costs involves scientists in problems which are closely related to those which policy-makers face in deciding what to do in view of the information provided by scientists. These problems include the unforeseeable effects of agricultural technologies, the assessments of costs and benefits, and the choice of decision rule to use in policy formation. I conclude that the combined impact of these problems motivates the use of prudentially weighted decision rules in forming policies which regulate the use of pesticides, and it motivates the development of bio-environmental alternatives to chemically based pest control policies.     

Attempted suicide among young rural women in the People's Republic of China: possibilities for prevention

This article reports on a sample of 147 women under age 35 living in rural areas in China who had attempted suicide and were treated in the emergency room of hospitals in four different locations. The interview instrument took 2 to 3 hours to complete and included audiotaped in-depth interviews with the patient and family members (separately); detailed evaluation of the circumstances surrounding the attempt, life events, and the family environment; and a formal psychiatric evaluation by an attending-level psychiatrist. Overwhelmingly, the method used by the attempters was poisoning with highly lethal pesticides and organic fertilizers. The women's suicidal behavior was characterized by high levels of impulsivity; little effort to seclude themselves before and after ingesting poison; and low rates of mental illness, including depression. Detailed suggestions are made about ways to implement suicide prevention strategies within the particular social and economic context of China.     

Effects of trophic poisoning with methylmercury on the appetitive elements of the agonistic sequence in fighting-fish (Betta splendens)

The aggressive display in Betta splendens is particularly prominent, and vital to its adaptation to the environment. Methylmercury is an organic variation of Hg that presents particularly pronounced neuro-behavioral effects. The present experiments aim to test the effect of acute and chronic poisoning with methylmercury on the display in Bettas. The animals were poisoned by trophic means in both experiments (16 ug/kg in acute poisoning; 16 ug/kg/day for chronic poisoning), and tested in agonistic pairs. The total frequency of the display was recorded, analyzing the topography of the agonistic response. The methylmercury seems to present a dose- and detoxification-dependent effect on these responses, with a more pronounced effect on motivity in acute poisoning and on emotionality in the chronic poisoning. It is possible that this effect could be mediated by alteration in the mono-amino-oxidase systems.     

Undone Science and Counter-Expertise: Fighting for Justice in an Argentine Community Contaminated by Pesticides

ABSTRACT

STS and social movement scholars have shown the importance of ‘getting undone science done’ to advance the goals of social movements fighting environmental health injustice. The production and mobilization of counter-expertise, meaning the reliance on expertise, broadly construed, to contest regulatory decisions based on scientific knowledge, must be further analyzed by differentiating among types of expertise and strategies to mobilize them. In social mobilization against the unrestricted use of pesticides in Argentina, the affected community in Ituzaingó Anexo developed three types of expertise. The community first drew upon its own local knowledge of cases of illness and, as lay people, produced the first epidemiological map of this area. Then, they enrolled scientists and NGOs as allies to jointly learn about pesticide contamination as an explanation for illness. The enlisted scientists produced new knowledge by conducting environmental and epidemiological studies. Finally, sympathetic public health authorities, legal experts, and a district attorney designed a successful legal strategy to stop fumigations in that area and enforce local regulations. The case confirms the importance of producing undone science, and shows that its effectiveness can be explained by intertwined strategies deployed by a triad of lay/local, scientific, and legal experts to overcome the expertise barrier.     

Failure of Retrospective Inference in Rats' Taste Aversion

Three experiments explored the possibility of retrospective inference in the rat. Experiment 1 revealed that poisoning of an element of a taste compound after single compound poisoning enhanced aversion to the other element, and that presentation of an element without poison after the compound poisoning reduced aversion to the other element. These results were opposite to those predicted by retrospective inference. Experiment 2 eliminated some confounding variables and examined the effect of element poisoning after compound poisoning. The result again was opposite to what the retrospective view predicts. The results, however, accorded with the idea that within-compound learning was established during compound presentation, and subsequent poisoning or nonpoisoning of one element affected response to the other element via the within-compound learning. In Experiment 3, the possibility of within-compound learning was reduced by using sequential presentation of tastes, but there was no indication of retrospective inference even under this condition.     

Environmental factors associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental deficits

A number of environmental agents have been shown to demonstrate neurotoxic effects either in human or laboratory animal studies. Critical windows of vulnerability to the effects of these agents occur both pre- and postnatally. The nervous system is relatively unique in that different parts are responsible for different functional domains, and these develop at different times (e.g., motor control, sensory, intelligence and attention). In addition, the many cell types in the brain have different windows of vulnerability with varying sensitivities to environmental agents. This review focuses on two environmental agents, lead and methylmercury, to illustrate the neurobehavioral and cognitive effects that can result from early life exposures. Special attention is paid to distinguishing between the effects detected following episodes of poisoning and those detected following lower dose exposures. Perinatal and childhood exposure to high doses of lead results in encephalopathy and convulsions. Lower-dose lead exposures have been associated with impairment in intellectual function and attention. At high levels of prenatal exposure, methylmercury produces mental retardation, cerebral palsy and visual and auditory deficits in children of exposed mothers. At lower levels of methylmercury exposure, the effects in children have been more subtle. Other environmental neurotoxicants that have been shown to produce developmental neurotoxicity include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, pesticides, ionizing radiation, environmental tobacco smoke, and maternal use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and cocaine. Exposure to environmental agents with neurotoxic effects can result in a spectrum of adverse outcomes from severe mental retardation and disability to more subtle changes in function depending on the timing and dose of the chemical agent.     

Validation of the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) in suicidal behavior by self‐poisoning

Intentional self‐poisoning is the leading method of suicidal behavior leading to medical attention worldwide. The medical severity of self‐poisoning events has major treatment, prognostic, and medico‐legal implications, yet measures of severity are limited. The Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) is a widely used scale but validation data are limited, particularly in the study of suicidal behavior per se. The sample was a consecutive series of intentional self‐poisoning patients aged 13 to 65 treated at a large university medical center (n = 673). PSS scores, with a range 0 (none) to 4 (death), were calculated along with other structured clinical data and analyzed in a series of linear regressions adjusted for age and sex. Higher PSS scores were consistently associated with greater medical morbidity and more intensive acute medical treatments, and nearly all effect sizes were large. Results support the validity of the PSS in hospital‐treated self‐poisoning patients.     

Suicidal Intent and Method of Self‐Harm: A Large‐scale Study of Self‐Harm Patients Presenting to a General Hospital

Data from the Oxford Monitoring System for Attempted Suicide (2004–2011) were used to study hospital presentations for self‐harm in which Suicidal Intent Scale (SIS) scores were obtained (N = 4,840). Regression of medians was used to control for the confounding effect of age and gender. Higher estimated median SIS scores were associated with increasing age, male gender, self‐poisoning versus self‐injury, multiple methods of self‐harm versus self‐injury alone, use of gas (mainly carbon monoxide), dangerous methods of self‐injury (including hanging, gunshot), and use of alcohol as part of the act. For self‐poisoning patients, there was a correlation between the number of tablets taken and the total SIS score. Compared with self‐poisoning with paracetamol and paracetamol‐containing compounds, self‐poisoning with antipsychotics was associated with a lower median SIS score while antidepressants had the same estimated median as paracetamol. Use of alcohol within 6 hours of self‐harm was associated with lower SIS scores. In conclusion, certain methods of self‐harm, particularly dangerous methods of self‐injury and self‐poisoning with gas, were associated with high intent and should alert clinicians to potential higher risk of suicide. However, apart from use of gas, suicidal intent cannot be inferred from type of drugs used for self‐poisoning.