大学生自尊与宽恕倾向的关系:社会认可需要的中介作用

自尊与宽恕的关系在国内外的研究中仍存在争议。本研究采用SES、社会自尊、MCSD和Heartland宽恕量表对我国225名大学生进行问卷调查,以探讨自尊(社会自尊和个体自尊)与宽恕倾向的关系,以及社会认可需要在二者关系中的中介作用。结果发现,对于全体研究对象而言,社会自尊比个体自尊对宽恕倾向的预测作用更大。在男生群体中,社会自尊预测宽恕倾向,且社会认可需要的中介作用不成立;在女生群体中,个体自尊预测宽恕倾向,且社会认可需要在个体自尊与宽恕倾向之间起完全中介作用。产生这一结果的原因与我国文化对自尊、宽恕的理解以及二者在两性中的差异有关。     

宽恕与人格特征关系的研究综述

宽恕是积极心理学研究的最热点内容之一,大量研究都表明宽恕与个体的人格特征具有密切的关系。本文详细探讨了宽恕与大五人格、共情、自尊及宗教性和精神性等人格特征之间的关系,最后对宽恕与人格的研究进行了总结和研究展望。     

得到宽恕与否对冒犯者后续行为的影响:内疚与共情的作用

为考察冒犯者得到宽恕与否对其后续行为的影响,以及在该关系中内疚和共情的作用.本研究采用伤害事件回忆、情境性内疚测查、内疚和羞愧倾向量表和基本共情量表对南京市509名大学生进行调查.结果显示:(1)随着得到宽恕程度的提高,个体在之后善待被冒犯者的程度也随之提高;(2)情境性内疚在得到宽恕与否与后续行为之间起着中介作用;(3)中介效应的直接、前、后路径均受到共情能力的调节.     

亲子依恋与初中生人际宽恕的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对浙江省四所初中的502名在校学生进行调查,探讨亲子依恋与人际宽恕的关系,提出一个有调节的中介模型,考察共情的中介作用和自尊的调节作用。结果发现:(1)亲子依恋对初中生人际宽恕既有直接预测作用,又可通过共情间接影响人际宽恕;(2)亲子依恋通过共情的间接效应受到自尊的调节,即相对于低自尊个体,共情对高自尊初中生亲子依恋与人际宽恕关系的影响更显著。本研究表明,安全的依恋关系有利于培养初中生的共情,进而促进人际宽恕,但是较低的自尊水平会阻碍共情作用的发挥。结果提示培养良好的亲子关系和提高自尊水平对于初中生宽恕品质的发展有重要作用。     

宽恕干预研究述评——宽恕在心理治疗中的作用

宽恕能帮助受害者消除愤怒、减轻痛苦,修复心理创伤。在西方,宽恕已被当作干预目标应用于临床和教育领域。结果表明,宽恕干预能明显减少来访者的愤怒、抑郁、焦虑等消极的情绪体验,增加积极的心理体验,如希望和自尊。宽恕过程模型以及REACH宽恕模型是目前最具代表性的两个宽恕干预理论模型。这两个理论模型均由若干环节构成。在这些环节中,定义宽恕、回忆伤害事件、建立共情、知觉到对他人的伤害、承诺宽恕以及克服阻碍宽恕的因素是促进个体宽恕的重要环节,是在宽恕干预过程中应特别注意的地方。     

情感预测中的聚焦错觉

聚焦错觉是个体在进行情感预测时,错误地估计了聚焦事件会对情绪造成影响的一种倾向.聚焦错觉是造成情感预测偏差的重要原因.其心理机制主要包括直觉预测和可得性模型.聚焦错觉的影响因素主要有预测事件的情感效价、性质,情境因素、个体习惯和文化差异等.其应对策略主要有去焦点化和情感平均.未来的研究应从聚焦错觉与忽视情绪适应的关系、聚焦错觉的产生根源以及聚焦错觉与其他聚焦效应的关系等方面来进一步探讨.     

自我宽恕的概念、测量及其与其他心理变量的关系

自我宽恕是指当自己是侵犯者时,发生于自己内部的,对待自己的动机由报复转向善待的变化。自我宽恕的概念在其对象、过程、实质和价值方面都存在着争议,即自己与他人、给予与寻求、特质与情境、积极与消极的争论。自我宽恕与人际宽恕在其对象、影响因素与后果等诸多方面也存在区别。对自我宽恕的测量现有宽恕自我（FS）量表、Heartland宽恕量表（HFS）以及状态自我宽恕量表（SSFS）3种工具。有关自我宽恕的相关研究显示,自我宽恕与人格特质的关系还待探讨,而自我宽恕与心理健康水平有相关。未来的研究应深化自我宽恕的界定、拓展其研究方法、扩大其研究内容。     

高自尊易宽恕?基于中国青少年样本的研究

目的:以中国青少年为被试样本,整合已有自尊与宽恕关系的研究,运用元分析技术,明晰二者之间的整体关系,分析以往研究结论产生分歧的原因。方法:采用中国知网、万方数据库、Web of Science等检索系统搜索自尊与宽恕的相关文献,遴选出符合元分析研究标准的有效文献31项,70个独立样本,共计被试31516名。结果:(1)自尊与宽恕间存在中度相关,自尊可正向预测宽恕,验证了高自尊者易宽恕。(2)自我宽恕比人际宽恕与自尊的关系更为密切。(3)宽恕测量工具、被试类别、宽恕结构对自尊与宽恕的关系调节作用明显,性别无显著调节效应。     

负性生活事件、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍症状：对汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究

创伤后应激障碍是灾难后常见的心理病理问题, 灾后继发负性生活事件和社会支持是影响创伤后应激障碍症状的重要因素。该研究采用追踪设计, 历时2年对汶川地震后都江堰地区1573名青少年进行3次测查, 考察震后继发负性生活事件、不同类型社会支持与创伤后应激障碍症状之间的相互作用关系。研究发现：不同类型的社会支持与震后继发负性生活事件、创伤后应激障碍症状存在不同的作用关系; 震后继发负性生活事件不仅直接影响个体的心理健康还对个体的社会支持系统有损害; 震后负性生活事件、主观支持与创伤后应激障碍症状存在联动效应, 即三者中任一方面的变化都可能引起其他方面的变化。     

“对不起”有用吗:道歉对群际宽恕的影响

宽恕的前提是人与人之间的侵犯,然而侵犯并不总是发生于个体之间,群体之间也可能发生侵犯,因此宽恕也可能发生于群体之间。在众多影响群际宽恕的因素中,道歉常常被提及。但近期的研究却显示,道歉对于群际宽恕的作用并不一致:有研究显示,道歉能够促进群际宽恕的产生;但也有研究发现,道歉并不能提升群际宽恕的水平。这种差异可能源自于一些因素的调节作用,例如群体身份认同、道歉所蕴含的情绪、人际信任等。在此基础上,还有一些相关的问题值得后续研究深入探讨,包括从侵犯群体层面进行研究、细分道歉类型对于群际宽恕的影响、探寻其他调节因素的作用、关注政治因素对于群际宽恕的影响等。     

Masculinity Ideology and Forgiveness of Racial Discrimination among African American Men: Direct and Interactive Relationships

Forgiveness research has focused almost exclusively on interpersonal transgressions committed in close relationships. Consequently, less is known about factors informing forgiveness of non-intimate actors. The current study addresses these gaps by investigating correlates of forgiveness over racial discrimination among African American men (N?=?171). Specifically, we explore relationships between the endorsement of traditional masculine ideology (e.g., restrictive emotionality), overall forgiveness, forgiveness with positive affect, and forgiveness with the absence of negative affect. Links between personality, religiosity, social support, discrimination experiences, and these forms of forgiveness also are examined. Restrictive emotionality emerged as a barrier to forgiveness of discrimination. However, the relationship between restrictive emotionality and forgiveness was moderated by age, socioeconomic status, personality, and religious coping disposition.     

The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review

This article examines the antecedents and outcomes of forgiveness. The interpersonal forgiveness literature is qualitatively reviewed. Antecedents to forgiveness are classified by their proximity to forgiveness based on M. E. McCullough and colleagues, (1998) framework. From most distal to most proximal these antecedents are personality, relationship factors, offense‐specific factors, and social‐cognitive factors including empathy. The association of these antecedents and several consequences of forgiveness are quantitatively examined in meta‐analyses. All investigated variables were significantly related to forgiveness. Empathy was a stronger correlate of forgiveness than any other non‐social‐cognitive antecedent except for trait agreeableness. Methodological factors and the average age of subjects moderated the relationship between forgiveness and some of its correlates. Implications and future directions are considered.     

集体主义背景下的宽恕研究及其对心理治疗的启示

以往的宽恕理论和宽恕干预的方法多是基于西方个人主义文化背景的, 缺乏集体主义背景下的相关研究。在集体主义背景下, 被冒犯者应对伤害的方式、宽恕的策略以及影响宽恕的人格特质都与个人主义有明显的区别。此外, 跨文化的宽恕模型也从不同角度描述了集体主义背景下的宽恕, 决定性宽恕和情绪性宽恕模型区分了不同形式的宽恕在不同文化中的表现; 基于自我和人格特质的宽恕模型描述了不同背景下影响宽恕的人格因素; 宽恕的动态过程模型描述了宽恕过程中的文化影响因素。对于这些内容的总结也对集体主义背景下的宽恕干预具有一定的启示作用。     

宽恕心理的行为测量及认知神经机制

宽恕是一个复杂的心理过程,被认为是对冒犯者的亲社会化转变的过程,包括认知、情绪、动机和行为上的改变。本文回顾了国内外宽恕心理的行为测量范式和认知神经机制研究相关的成果,发现宽恕心理的行为测量范式能够揭示宽恕相关的心理过程;认知神经机制的研究发现宽恕心理过程主要涉及负责社会认知、共情和认知控制等功能的脑区。未来的研究应关注宽恕心理行为测量范式的有效性和揭示内容的一致性、宽恕心理的认知和脑神经基础。     

Forgiveness and mental health variables: Interpreting the relationship using an adaptational-continuum model of personality and coping

The present paper uses an adaptational-continuum model of personality, based on Ferguson’s (2001) health psychology model integrating Eysenck personality factors and coping style, to provide a context for examining the relationship between forgiveness and mental health. Three hundred and twenty respondents completed measures of personality, coping style, forgiveness (forgiveness of self, others, likelihood, presence of positive forgiveness, absence of negative forgiveness), general health, stress, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Among respondents, all measures of forgiveness, bar one, load negatively on a neuroticism-coping factor. The remaining measure of forgiveness (presence of positive forgiveness) loaded on an extraversion-coping factor. The relationship of the neuroticism-coping-forgiveness factor was associated with poorer mental health, suggesting forgiveness is associated with better mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. Significant positive relationships were found between the extraversion-coping-forgiveness factor and two measures of positive mental health outcomes (positive affect and life satisfaction) suggesting forgiveness is associated with some aspects of mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. The present findings suggest that forgiveness, or failure to forgive, can be conceptualised within an adaptational-continuum model of personality.     

Forgiveness,its factors,and unforgivable acts in romantic relationships: A mixed-methods study

Using a mixed-methods approach, this study investigates forgiveness, the factors of forgiveness, and unforgivable acts, and analyzes relational and gender differences in participants' qualitative answers. Open-ended questions were answered by 649 participants from Slovakia (532 dating, 117 married; 517 women, 132 men). Responses were analyzed qualitatively using the Consensual Qualitative Research-Modified method, then transformed into quantitative data in order to statistically compare the groups. The results showed that dating individuals tended to see forgiveness as working on the relationship, whereas married individuals viewed forgiveness as an emotional process. Married individuals were more likely to report that shared commitments helped them to forgive. Dating partners tended to look at the situational context. Men were more likely to report that forgiveness was key to the relationship. When forgiving their partner, men focused on internal factors, whereas women needed an apology and acts of love. Infidelity was the most common unforgivable transgression. Therapists may benefit from a more nuanced understanding of forgiveness in dating and married individuals.     

“得寸进尺”还是“适可而止”:冒犯者得到宽恕以后的行为

对于冒犯者得到宽恕以后的行为,已有研究存矛盾之处,有研究认为冒犯者得到宽恕后会再次伤害被冒犯者,但也有研究认为会停止对对方的伤害。本研究通过囚徒困境范式研究冒犯者得到宽恕以后的行为。结果显示:(1)当对方是熟悉的人时,冒犯者在得到宽恕后更倾向于不再伤害对方;(2)当存在报复的可能性时,无论得到宽恕与否,冒犯者都不倾向于再次伤害对方;(3)当冒犯者是被迫伤害被冒犯者时,无论得到宽恕与否,其都不倾向于再次伤害对方。总体而言,冒犯者在得到宽恕后更倾向于不再伤害对方。该结果一定程度上澄清了以往研究的矛盾之处,并对人际互动具有一定的指导意义。。