冲动性和大学生自伤行为的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

以情绪管理理论和人际或系统模型为依据考察冲动性与大学生自伤行为的关系,并在此基础上提出一个有调节的中介模型,探讨负性情绪的中介作用以及家庭环境的调节作用。采用巴瑞特冲动性量表、正性负性情绪量表、家庭环境量表、青少年自我伤害问卷对2270名大学生进行施测,旨在考察负性情绪对冲动性与大学生自伤行为关系的中介作用以及家庭环境的调节作用,结果表明:(1)冲动性和负性情绪正向预测大学生的自伤行为;(2)负性情绪在冲动性和自伤行为之间起中介作用;(3)负性情绪的中介作用和冲动性的直接作用受到家庭环境的调节。这些结果对于深入理解个体与环境因素对自伤行为的作用与机制具有重要意义。     

大学生自伤行为的强化敏感性基础

强化敏感性包括惩罚敏感性和奖励敏感性, 它影响个体的情绪、动机和行为过程, 与个体的情绪反应性密切相关。极端的强化敏感性与情绪管理障碍及多种自伤相关行为存在密切联系。为探索强化敏感性与自伤行为的关系, 研究1采用BIS/BAS量表和青少年自我伤害问卷, 对717名大学生进行了调查。研究2在研究1的基础上, 采用Q−任务和CARROT范式, 由127名大学生参加实验, 进一步考察不同功能的自伤行为的强化敏感性基础。结果表明：①惩罚敏感性、奖励敏感性及其愉悦寻求维度均对自伤行为有正向预测作用; ②情绪管理组自伤被试以高惩罚敏感性和接近正常的奖励敏感性为特征, 刺激寻求组自伤被试以高奖励敏感性和接近正常的惩罚敏感性为特征。结论：强化敏感性可有效预测自伤行为; 情绪管理和刺激寻求两种功能的自伤行为具有不同的强化敏感性基础; 对自伤行为进行分类研究十分必要。     

青少年自伤行为的自我惩罚功能:源于内疚感还是羞耻感？

为了探讨青少年自伤行为自我惩罚功能的情绪条件,设计了两个研究：研究一包括2个实验,实验1对60名青少年、实验2对87名青少年进行行为实验;研究二使用青少年自我伤害行为问卷、中学生羞耻感量表以及中学生内疚感量表等对723名普通青少年进行问卷调查。行为实验的结果显示,内疚感和羞耻感均能有效诱发青少年的自伤行为,而自伤行为能有效缓解青少年的内疚感和羞耻感;问卷调查的结果显示,青少年自伤与内疚感有明显的负相关,与羞耻感有明显的正相关。因此,维持青少年自伤行为自我惩罚功能的情绪条件是羞耻感,而非内疚感。     

自我批评与青少年自伤:有调节的中介效应

采用情绪调节量表、自我批评量表、心理痛苦量表和自伤行为量表对914名中学生进行测查,从中筛选出311名有自伤行为的青少年进行统计分析,探讨自我批评与青少年自伤行为的关系,并在此基础上提出一个有调节的中介模型,考察心理痛苦的中介作用和认知重评的调节作用。结果表明:(1)在控制了性别和是否独生子女的影响后,自我批评可以显著正向预测青少年的自伤行为,心理痛苦在二者之间起中介作用;(2)自我批评通过心理痛苦对自伤行为的间接效应受到认知重评的调节,认知重评可以减弱自我批评对自伤行为的间接影响。     

父母冲突与青少年自伤的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

以情绪安全感理论为依据考察父母冲突与青少年自伤的关系,并在此基础上提出一个有调节的中介模型,探讨情绪不安全感的中介作用以及情绪调节自我效能感的调节作用。采用整群抽样法对2800名中学生进行问卷调查,结果表明:(1)在所有青少年被试中有自伤行为的比例占41.49%,青少年的自伤水平在年级、学校类型和是否为独生子女这些人口学变量上有显著差异;(2)父母冲突能显著地正向预测青少年的自伤水平,情绪不安全感在两者之间起部分中介作用;(3)控制消极情绪自我效能感对情绪不安全感的中介作用有显著的负向调节作用,只有当控制消极情绪自我效能感很低时,情绪不安全感在父母冲突和青少年自伤水平的中介作用才是显著的。     

童年期情感虐待与青少年自伤行为的关系：一项有调节的中介分析

为探索童年期情感虐待对青少年自伤行为的影响,以及焦虑的中介作用,本研究采用分层随机抽样,选用童年期虐待问卷、情绪调节问卷、焦虑自评量表及青少年自我伤害问卷对初一到高三共3250名学生进行问卷调查。结果显示,童年期情感虐待可以直接导致青少年自伤行为概率的增加,也可通过焦虑间接影响青少年自伤行为,情绪表达抑制调节了情感虐待和焦虑之间的关系,高表达抑制时,童年期情感虐待对焦虑的影响更强。     

青少年抑郁与自伤行为的发展轨迹及其关系：基于两年的追踪研究

本研究通过对贵州四所学校的581名初一学生进行历时2年的3次追踪测查，采用交叉滞后模型和潜变量增长模型考察了青少年抑郁和自伤行为的时序效应以及二者的发展轨迹及其关系，同时探究了社会支持在其间的保护作用。结果发现：(1)青少年抑郁能够显著预测其后续的自伤行为，但自伤行为对后续抑郁的预测作用不显著；(2)抑郁和自伤行为在青少年早期并非稳定不变，而是呈线性增长趋势；(3)抑郁的初始水平和增长均能正向预测青少年自伤行为的增长；(4)社会支持能够显著调节抑郁增长对青少年自伤行为增长的影响，具体而言，抑郁增长对青少年自伤行为增长的影响在低社会支持水平下更强，而在高社会支持水平下有所减弱，说明高社会支持在其中发挥了保护作用。该结果揭示了青少年抑郁和自伤行为的动态发展关系及其保护性因素，对于制定科学的预防及干预方案、帮助青少年减少自伤行为等具有重要价值。     

自伤行为研究：现状、问题与建议

自我伤害行为指个体在没有明确自杀意图的情况下, 故意、重复地改变或伤害自己的身体组织。这种行为虽不致死, 但极具危险性。对自伤的诊断一直存在争议, 争议的焦点主要是自伤与自杀、自伤与边缘型人格障碍的关系问题。从流行学调查结果看, 国内普通青少年自伤比例高于西方, 达36%~57%, 但该行为在国内所受关注不多、相关研究甚少。影响自伤的危险因子, 总体可分为早年创伤性经验和个体易感性两大类, 后者包括情绪管理障碍、冲动性和生物学因素, 但各因素对自伤的影响程度尚不清楚。从病因和病理学研究现状看, 很多理论模型被提出来解释自伤的动机和原因, 包括功能性模型、发展病理性模型和整合模型等。自伤领域的研究虽然在近10年有飞跃性的增长, 但仍然有很多问题值得进一步探讨, 未来研究可以考虑进行自伤的分类研究、某些主题的细化研究、跨学科和跨文化研究等。     

青少年非自杀性自伤行为持续和停止的预测性因素

非自杀性自伤是指个体在没有自杀意图的情况下故意伤害自己的身体,且不被社会所认可的行为,是个体未来自杀意图、自杀行为以及长期心理障碍等问题的重要风险因素。青少年作为高发人群,非自杀性自伤行为会对其身心健康造成严重危害,且具有明显的社会“传染”效应。因此了解对青少年非自杀性自伤行为的持续或停止具有预测作用的因素,有助于为该行为的早期预防及干预提供新视角。 通过梳理国内外采用纵向追踪、回溯性研究等方法的相关文献,并基于Nock的整合理论模型,将青少年非自杀性自伤行为的持续或停止具有预测作用的因素划分为生理机制、个人特质和社会因素三类。在生理机制上,青少年非自杀性自伤行为的持续或停止存在一定的神经生物学基础,如当青少年体内的β-内啡肽水平、杏仁核-额叶之间的静息态功能连接(RSFC)处于异常状态时,个体为恢复体内平衡,可能会对非自杀性自伤行为产生依赖,进而将该行为持续下去。在个人特质上,情绪调节存在缺陷的青少年更易出现并维持非自杀性自伤行为,而善于接受自己的情绪反应且能够使用适应性情绪调节策略的青少年在未来更易停止该行为;具有边缘型人格障碍、冲动型人格特征、低自尊水平、高自我批评与自我惩罚水平等特点的青少年通常会在较长时间内持续非自杀性自伤行为,相反,具有高自尊水平、对逆境持积极信念、低自我惩罚水平等特点的青少年则更可能停止该行为;青少年所依赖的非自杀性自伤功能也会影响该行为的发展进程,因自我功能(如情绪调节、自我惩罚等)而依赖于非自杀性自伤的青少年有很大的可能性长时间维持这一行为,而因人际功能(如引起他人关注、融入群体等)而依赖于非自杀性自伤的青少年在一段时间后更有可能停止该行为。在社会因素上,如同伴欺凌、不良家庭关系等风险因素可能会削弱个体应对痛苦的能力,进而诱发或加剧青少年的非自杀性自伤行为,反之,有效的社会支持资源(如同伴支持、家庭支持、心理咨询与治疗等)则有助于青少年非自杀性自伤行为的停止。 目前国内外相关研究多集中于非自杀性自伤行为的流行、研究方法、相关影响因素和功能等领域,对非自杀性自伤行为持续或停止的理论和实践探讨相对较少,未来相关研究应注意采用多样化的研究方法及非自杀性自伤行为测量技术,拓展研究领域(如性格、认知取向等),同时还应关注不同的年龄群体及文化背景差异,以进一步明确对非自杀性自伤行为发展进程具有显著预测作用的风险因素和保护性因素,并深入探究各因素之间的交互作用。     

青少年自伤行为的机制及影响因素:基于情绪管理的视角

青少年是自伤的高危人群,这与自伤的情绪管理功能密切相关。基于情绪管理视角,生物社会模型、回避体验模型和情绪管理模型分别从不同侧面揭示了情绪管理在自伤发生中的核心地位。综合目前关于自伤的心理学及跨学科研究成果发现,青少年自伤的影响因素主要包括基因与脑等生物学因素、家庭与学校环境中的人际因素,以及个体的人格特征。其中,基因、脑与家庭环境对青少年自伤的影响尤为关键。今后应在纵向研究、基因与环境交互作用以及脑成像技术融合等方面对自伤进行进一步探讨。     

ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition.

In visual Go/Nogo tasks the ERP usually shows a frontal negativity after Nogo stimuli ("Nogo-N2"), which possibly reflects an inhibition process. However, the Nogo-N2 appears to be very small after auditory stimuli, which is evidence against the inhibition hypothesis. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by evaluating performance differences between subjects. Assuming that for Ss with a high false alarm rate the inhibition process is weakened and/or delayed, they should reveal a smaller and/or later Nogo-N2 than Ss with a low false alarm rate. This prediction was confirmed, which supports the inhibition hypothesis. However, the Nogo-N2 was again much smaller and had a different topography after auditory than after visual stimuli despite similar performance in both modalities. This modality asymmetry was explained by assuming that the inhibitory mechanism reflected in the Nogo-N2 is located at a pre-motor rather than at the motor level. In the second part of the study we compared the Nogo-N2 with a similar phenomenon, the error negativity (Ne), which occurs in trials with commission errors (false alarms). Earlier work suggests that the Ne is a correlate of error detection or inhibition. This raises the possibility that the Ne is a delayed Nogo-N2, i.e., the Ne may reflect a late and hence unsuccessful attempt to inhibit the response after a nontarget. However, the Ne amplitude showed no difference between performance groups and stimulus modalities, as found for the Nogo-N2. Moreover, Ne and Nogo-N2 had different scalp topographies. This suggests that different mechanisms and generators underlie the Ne and the Nogo-N2.     

自动化情绪调节中存在积极效应吗:来自ERPs的证据

采用线索Go/Nogo任务,运用ERPs技术考察了老年人和青年人在自动化情绪调节上的差异。ERPs结果显示:⑴愉快面孔比中性面孔诱发的Go-N2波幅较小,潜伏期较短;Nogo-P3波幅较大,潜伏期较短,表明情绪面孔比中性面孔更能吸引注意;⑵在愉快面孔上,老年组比青年组的Go/Nogo-P3波幅大、潜伏期差异不显著;在悲伤面孔上,老年组比青年组的Go/Nogo-P3波幅大,Nogo-P3潜伏期长,说明老年组比青年组更加抑制对悲伤面孔的反应,老年人在自动化情绪调节中表现出一定程度的积极效应。     

Motivations for Self‐Injury,Affect, and Impulsivity: A Comparison of Individuals with Current Self‐Injury to Individuals with a History of Self‐Injury

Individuals who report nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) are characterized by the tendency to act rashly while experiencing distress (negative urgency), the tendency to act without thinking, and endorsement of both social and affect regulation motives for the behavior. However, very little research has identified characteristics that distinguish current self‐injurers from those with a history of the behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare individuals with current self‐injury to a history of self‐injury on impulsivity‐related personality traits, motives for self‐injury, and distress. Among a sample of 429 undergraduates, 120 reported self‐injury. Among these 120 individuals, 33 endorsed self‐injury within the past month, with a mean frequency of 4.77 acts of NSSI. Within the self‐injury group, current self‐injurers reported higher endorsement of affect regulation motives for NSSI, and higher levels of current negative affect than individuals with a history of self‐injury. There were no differences between current and former self‐injurers on measures of impulsivity, endorsement of social motives for NSSI, or positive affect. We propose that individuals who use NSSI to regulate negative affect may be more likely to repeatedly engage in this behavior over time.     

Peer Influence and Nonsuicidal Self Injury: Longitudinal Results in Community and Clinically-Referred Adolescent Samples

Research suggests that adolescents’ engagement in nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behaviors may be increasing over time, yet little is known regarding distal longitudinal factors that may promote engagement in these behaviors. Data from two longitudinal studies are presented to examine whether NSSI may be associated with peer influence processes. Study 1 included 377 adolescents from a community-based sample; Study 2 included 140 clinically-referred adolescents recruited from a psychiatric inpatient facility. In Study 1, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline and one year later. Adolescents’ nominated best friend reported their own levels of NSSI. In Study 2, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline as well as 9 and 18-months post-baseline. Adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ engagement in self-injurious behavior (including suicidality) and depressed mood also were examined at all three time points. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured in both studies; gender and age were examined as moderators of peer influence effects. Results from both studies supported longitudinal peer socialization effects of friends’ self-injurious behavior on adolescents’ own NSSI for girls, but not for boys, even after controlling for depressive symptoms as a predictor. Study 1 suggested socialization effects mostly for younger youth. Results from Study 2 also suggested longitudinal socialization effects, as well as peer selection effects; adolescents’ NSSI was associated with increasing perceptions of their friends’ engagement in depressive/self-injurious thoughts and behavior. Findings contribute to the nascent literature on longitudinal predictors of NSSI and to work on peer influence.     

Nonsuicidal self-injury: relationship to behavioral and self-rating measures of impulsivity and self-aggression

Previous research using self-report measures has shown an association between nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) and impulsive tendencies. However, self-injurers have not been shown to be different from comparison groups on laboratory tasks putatively assessing impulsive behavior. One explanation for these contradictory findings is that self-report and laboratory measures of impulsive behavior tap into distinct but related constructs. Moreover, performance on laboratory measures of impulsive behavior can be influenced by myriad contextual and affective factors not present during past self-reported NSSI events. Accordingly, a relationship between behavioral tasks of impulsivity and self-injurious behavior could emerge if both are assessed relatively close in time under controlled laboratory conditions. To test this possibility, both self-ratings and laboratory task measures of self-injurious and impulsive behavior were employed in the current study. This multi-modal assessment approach revealed that self-rated impulsivity was associated with both self-report and behavioral measures of self-injurious behavior. Moreover, behavioral measures of impulsivity were associated with self-injurious behavior, but not NSSI history. These results provide support for the notion that a multi-modal approach to assessing self-injurious behavior is important for better understanding the correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury.     

Impulsivity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Examining the Role of Affect Manipulation

The assessment of impulsivity is complicated by the construct’s multi-faceted nature and poor correspondence between self-report and behavioral measures. These complications extend to populations anecdotally described as impulsive, including individuals who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Research suggests that self-injurers report impulsivity, primarily negative urgency. Thus, negative affect may be an important prerequisite for increased impulsive behaviors. The present laboratory study examined self-report impulsivity differences between individuals with and without a history of NSSI and if self-injurers demonstrated behavioral impulsivity when experiencing negative affect. Undergraduates with (N?=?54) and without (N?=?61) a history of NSSI participated in a two-part laboratory-based study that investigated the role of affect manipulation in impulsivity and NSSI. Participants were randomly assigned to either a negative or a neutral-relaxing mood induction. Participants completed self-report measures of impulsivity, NSSI, and negative affect. A behavioral measure of impulsivity was administered during Session 1 (prior to a mood induction task) and again during Session 2 (following a mood induction task) to determine whether affect had an effect on behavioral impulsivity task performance. Self-injurers reported higher negative urgency and lack of perseverance but did not display impulsivity on the behavioral task, even under conditions of negative affect.     

Examining the Course of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Outpatient and Inpatient Adolescents

Suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) among youth are major public health concerns. Although a growing body of research has focused on the complex association between nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury, the temporal relationship between these two classes of behaviors is unclear. The current study addresses this empirical gap by examining the course of SITBs in adolescents receiving outpatient (N = 106; 82.1 % female) and inpatient (N = 174; 75.9 % female) treatment. SITBs (co-occurrence, age-of-onset, and time lag between SITBs) and major psychiatric disorders were assessed at a single time point with well-validated structured interviews. Adolescents in both clinical samples reported high co-occurrence of SITBs: most adolescents reported both lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts. A similar temporal pattern of SITBs was reported in the two samples: thoughts of NSSI and suicide ideation had the earliest age-of-onset, followed by NSSI behaviors, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. However, the age-of-onset for each SITB was younger in the inpatient sample than in the outpatient sample. In terms of time lag between SITBs, suicide ideation occurred on average before initial engagement in NSSI, suggesting that pathways to NSSI and suicidal behavior may occur simultaneously rather than in succession from nonsuicidal to suicidal self-injury. Results also indicated that the time to transition between SITBs was relatively fast, and that a key period for intervention and prevention is within the first 6–12 months after the onset of suicidal thinking. Taken together, these findings have important implications for understanding the time-lagged relationship between nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury.     

辣食渴求者抑制控制能力的行为和ERP研究

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术，探讨一般线索Go/Nogo和辣食线索Go/Nogo任务过程中，辣食渴求者和非辣食渴求者的抑制控制能力。（1）行为结果显示，两组被试辣食线索的反应时和错误率无显著差异，均在任务类型上有差异，即对辣食线索的反应更慢；（2）ERP结果显示，在辣食相关线索Go/Nogo任务中辣食渴求者的N2b和P3波幅都显著小于非辣食渴求者，N2a没有差异；在一般线索Go/Nogo任务中，ERP成分没有发现显著差异。结果提示，辣食渴求者只在辣食相关线索的抑制控制能力弱于非辣食渴求者，这可能意味着他们对辣食线索抑制反应的缺失。     

An Examination of Disclosure of Nonsuicidal Self‐injury among University Students

Despite the widespread prevalence of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among community‐based samples, little is known about which self‐injurers disclose their NSSI or the factors that promote disclosure among self‐injurers. To address this gap in the literature, we examined whether disclosers could be differentiated from nondisclosers on the basis of NSSI characteristics (e.g. frequency of NSSI and severity of NSSI), NSSI motivations (e.g. interpersonal and intrapersonal motivations) and psychosocial factors (e.g. suicidal ideation and self‐esteem). Participants consisted of a large sample of 268 self‐injuring undergraduate students (M_age = 19.07 years, 70.3% women) at a Canadian university. Results indicated that 57% of self‐injurers had never disclosed their NSSI to anyone. Self‐injurers were most likely to disclose to peers and romantic partners. Logistic regression analyses revealed that pain during NSSI, severity of NSSI, interpersonal motivations for engaging in NSSI, higher suicidal ideation and higher friendship quality were all associated with a greater likelihood of NSSI disclosure. Our findings suggest that individuals with severe NSSI and suicidal ideation may be more likely to disclose. Moreover, our findings underscore the importance of equipping friends and romantic partners with effective responses to NSSI disclosures to promote more formal help‐seeking behaviours among self‐injurers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Male Adjudicated Adolescents: Psychosocial Concerns,Coping Responses,Diagnoses, and Functions

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to self-inflicted physical injury without suicidal intent. NSSI is particularly common in forensic settings and associated with several psychosocial concerns, coping responses, diagnoses, and functions, but little information is available regarding NSSI in adjudicated male adolescents. The present study examined the frequency and types of NSSI among adjudicated male adolescents (n?=?103) and assessed the relationships between NSSI history, psychosocial concerns, coping responses, diagnoses, and functions within this population. Approximately two-thirds (66%) reported NSSI history. Participants with NSSI history reported poorer social adaptation and greater alienation and boredom, aggression, and emotional lability than controls. Youth with high-frequency NSSI were also more likely to utilize emotional discharge as an unhealthy coping response than controls. In addition, participants with high-frequency NSSI were more likely than controls to meet criteria for a mood or anxiety disorder. Function of NSSI primarily surrounded anxiety reduction/affect regulation, punishment, dissociation reduction, and social/sensation-seeking. NSSI appears to be prevalent among male adjudicated youths, and the findings suggest that the relationship between NSSI history, psychosocial concerns, coping responses, and functions is nuanced and could inform more calibrated assessment and treatment strategies.