《淮南子》的学习心理思想

《淮南子》,又名《淮南鸿烈》。汉淮南王刘安编著。唐刘知几说：“其书牢笼天地。博极古今。”其广博的内容中蕴含有颇为丰富的学习心理思想。本文即拟对此作一探讨。     

生态哲学研究的一个向度——河流自然生命的定位

河流生命一词,多见于文学和艺术作品,用拟人化手法比喻河流是"鲜活的,有生命的",与"陈旧的,僵死的"相对.河流生命作为科学概念,即生态系统的一种具体形式的提出,既来源于全球河流生态危机胁迫产生的河流危机意识,[1]也直接来源于我国黄河管理过程中构建河流生命伦理实践的迫切需要.[2]河流生命有其自然与文化两种存在方式,本文旨在探讨河流自然生命的存在方式,重点对其出发点、立论基础和评价标准做出阐释.     

逻辑哲学研究的新标识--《逻辑哲学九章》述评

自 19世纪末、20世纪初现代逻辑产生以来,逻辑学研究在西方学术界可说是方兴未艾。与之相伴的是逻辑哲学研究也在 20世纪的西方学术界开展得如火如荼。受国际学术界的影响,我国学术界自 20世纪 30年代始,在金岳霖、牟宗三、沈有鼎等先生的努力下,逻辑哲学研究逐步得到展开,特别是20世纪 80年代后,在一大批逻辑学者的努力下,我国的逻辑哲学研究逐渐形成繁荣之势。王路、李小五、张清宇、张家龙和邹崇理等合力完成的《逻辑哲学九章》(张清宇主编,江苏人民出版社, 2004 ) (以下简称《九章》)则将我国的逻辑哲学研究推进到了一个新的水平,这…     

关于当前我国医患关系若干问题的评估意见

2004年7月在大连举行的“医患关系-医疗诉讼-医患维权”的学术研讨会,就这个《评估意见》进行了讨论,现在发表的是依据讨论中提出的意见进行了修改的文本。我们认为,建立医患之间的诚信关系,正确处理和协调当前医患间的一些纠纷,在如下一些问题上达成共识是有意义的。     

走出价值相对主义

价值相对主义的理论失误和实践危害,使大多数价值哲学论者都力图克服之。新康德主义的形式先验主义的思路,舍勒的实质先验主义的思路,布伦坦诺的经验直觉主义的思路,培里的现代经验主义的思路,都是克服价值相对主义的不同尝试,都有其合理因素。但由于它们各自理论的缺陷,使之难以真正克服价值相对主义。我们认为,以实践为基点去理解价值的本质,应用唯物辩证的方法去说明价值的相对性与绝对性,才能走出价值相对主义。     

Mediators of the effects of magnitude of reinforcement

The characteristics of mediational mechanisms based upon magnitude of reinforcement were investigated using rats. In two experiments, two-choice discriminations were trained in which selections of one lever in one external stimulus and a second lever in another external stimulus were reinforced with food. In the first experiment, it was found that the discrimination was acquired more rapidly when one choice was reinforced with a large number of food pellets and the other with a smaller number of pellets than when other configurations of reinforcement magnitude were provided. In the second experiment, reversal of a two-choice discrimination was found to be facilitated by prior exposure of the animals to the reversed relationships between the external stimuli and magnitudes of reinforcement. These results were consistent with predictions from a stimulus or associative view of anticipatory processes based upon magnitude of reinforcement.     

Method of micro-analysis of sound films of behavior

Initial viewings of sound films of human behavior resulted in the problem of how to divide the seemingly continuous flow of that behavior. This led to the development of methods and instrumentation that would permit variable-contrast scanning of the processes in order to detect points and criteria of segmentation. Since both speech and body motion are to be studied, instruments that would permit the analysis of each at a commensurate level were required. The instruments are primarily combinations of commercially available equipment that is relatively inexpensive yet reliable. These instruments, their use, and some of the preliminary observations are presented.     

解构主义思想的复杂性解读

解构主义也称后结构主义,是后现代主义的中坚流派.由于它是在反结构主义的基础之上产生的,又由于结构主义的产生与当代科学的发展有着密切的关系,因而解构主义当中也自然包括了许多科学的因素.本文试图从复杂性科学的角度对解构主义思想做一浅显解读.     

Accuracy of knowledge of family history of cardiovascular disorders

There has been increased interest in the use of familial trends in physical and psychological disorders for identifying individuals at risk; research on individuals who have relatives with certain health problems may contribute to knowledge of etiology. In addition, accurate family health information may allow targeting of prevention and early detection programs to minimize cost and maximize utility. This study compared 292 undergraduates' reports of their parents' and grandparents' histories of six medical disorders with the parents' reports. Results showed moderate agreement concerning the parents' health, but substantial disagreement concerning the grandparents' health. Demographic and personality variables did not predict accuracy of students' reports of parental hypertension. Among the disorders, differences in agreement of reporting arose; the most salient condition, heart attack, had the highest agreement for both parents and grandparents. These results suggested that caution is necessary in evaluating family health information from subjects in research and from target individuals in prevention programs. This problem is especially serious for disorders such as hypertension, which is less salient and which also shows age-related penetrance, with the disorder often not evident until the 5th or 6th decade of life.