情绪调节灵活性的研究进展

情绪调节是个体适应现实的主要方式之一。由于情境和策略均会影响情绪调节效果,近期研究不仅关注个体在特定情境下使用特定的情绪调节策略,而且更加关注个体在变化情境下灵活地使用不同的情绪调节策略,即强调情绪调节灵活性的作用。基于情绪调节灵活性是个体随着情境的改变而同步改变策略,本文提出了情境改变、策略改变以及情境和策略的同步改变三个要素,介绍了情绪调节灵活性的三水平模型和三成分模型,区分了情绪调节灵活性的三类研究范式,讨论了情绪调节灵活性及其适应性,并指出了未来值得关注的研究方向。     

不同抑郁症状青少年日常情绪调节策略使用的差异

为了考察无抑郁、阈下抑郁和抑郁青少年日常情绪调节策略使用的差异，采用流调中心用抑郁量表和青少年日常情绪调节问卷测量了766名青少年的抑郁症状及其情绪调节策略使用。结果发现：青少年抑郁症状越多，使用认知重评越少，使用认知沉浸、表达抑制和表达宣泄越多。当调节积极情绪时，青少年抑郁症状越多，使用认知重评越少，使用认知沉浸和表达抑制越多，但使用表达宣泄无显著差异；当调节消极情绪时，青少年抑郁症状越多，使用认知重评越少，使用认知沉浸、表达抑制和表达宣泄越多。并且，阈下抑郁青少年的情绪调节策略使用均介于无抑郁和抑郁青少年之间。结果表明，青少年抑郁症状越多，使用认知重评等适应性情绪调节策略越少，使用认知沉浸等非适应性情绪调节策略越多，但具体情绪调节策略的使用可能会受所调节情绪效价的影响。同时，相比无抑郁和抑郁青少年，阈下抑郁青少年的情绪调节策略使用更具识别和干预的价值。     

"情绪劳动"要求与情绪耗竭:情绪劳动策略的中介作用研究

文章目的是通过量表调查法来研究情绪劳动要求、情绪劳动策略和情绪耗竭之间的关系,以及验证情绪劳动要求和策略量表的结构维度.研究使用调查某大型公司营业厅和客服人员的424份有效问卷进行分析.验证性结构方程模型分析显示,情绪劳动要求和情绪劳动策略量表具有良好的结构效度;结构方程模型分析显示,情绪劳动策略在情绪劳动要求和情绪耗竭之间起到一定的中介作用.具体为:专注度分别通过表面行为、深度行为和中性调节影响情绪耗竭;规则性通过中性调节影响情绪耗竭;严格性通过表面行为和深度行为影响情绪耗竭;多样性可以直接或通过表面行为影响情绪耗竭.     

母亲元情绪理念与儿童情绪调节能力发展的关系：母亲情绪调节的中介作用

以540名小学一、三、五年级儿童的母亲为对象,采用回归分析和路径分析技术,考察了母亲元情绪理念及其情绪调节对儿童情绪调节能力发展的预测作用及其机制。结果表明：（1）母亲情绪教导和情绪紊乱理念对儿童情绪稳定性的发展具有直接预测作用,且以其高冲动性为中介对儿童情绪稳定性的发展具有间接预测作用;（2）母亲情绪教导理念对儿童情绪调节性的发展具有直接预测作用,且以其情绪调节策略缺乏为中介对儿童情绪调节性的发展具有间接预测作用。因此,母亲情绪教导理念有助于其不良情绪的控制和更加灵活多样的情绪调节策略,而对自身不良情绪的有效控制和更灵活的情绪应对策略,将有助于促进其孩子情绪调节能力的发展。     

父母情绪调节困难对流动儿童对立违抗症状的影响:亲子冲突解决方式和儿童情绪调节的作用

本研究以来自北京10所小学的369名有对立违抗(Oppositional Defiant Disorder, ODD)症状的流动儿童及父母、349名无ODD症状的对照组流动儿童及父母为被试进行了问卷施测,探究了父母情绪调节困难对流动儿童对立违抗症状的影响,并进一步探讨了亲子冲突解决方式和儿童情绪调节(情绪调节与情绪消极和不稳)在其中所起的作用。经过分析发现:(1)ODD症状流动儿童的父母情绪调节、亲子冲突解决方式、儿童情绪调节显著差于对照组儿童;(2)总体上,父母情绪调节困难、亲子冲突解决方式和儿童ODD症状之间两两相关显著,而儿童情绪调节与这几个变量相关不显著;(3)父母情绪调节困难能显著正向预测流动儿童ODD症状,并进一步通过亲子冲突解决方式对流动儿童ODD症状产生影响;(4)儿童情绪调节(儿童情绪调节与儿童情绪消极和不稳)仅在父母情绪调节困难对儿童ODD症状的直接影响中起着显著的调节作用,对亲子冲突解决方式所起的中介作用并无调节作用。在对有ODD症状的流动儿童进行干预时,不仅要培养儿童自身的情绪调节能力,也应提升父母的情绪调节能力并改善亲子冲突解决方式。     

记忆活动中情绪调节的效果和认知神经机制

情绪对记忆的促进作用, 已得到了大量研究的证实。但是, 情绪对记忆的损害作用还没有得到一致的研究结果。情绪诱导的记忆损害的条件和机制还没有得到很好的确认和解释。并且, 在证实了情绪对记忆的影响之后, 一个更具有现实意义的问题是, 人类能够在多大程度上调控情绪对记忆的影响呢？虽然已有的情绪调节研究对一些重要的情绪调节策略如认知重评和抑制进行了较多的探讨, 考察了情绪调节对情绪事件记忆的影响。但是, 关于情绪调节是否可以有效地调整情绪唤醒对中性项目记忆的影响, 目前只有少量的研究。对情绪调节影响记忆的认知神经机制还所知甚少。因此, 本项目拟综合使用行为测量和认知神经科学技术, 在考察情绪唤醒对记忆的损害效应的条件和机制的基础上, 进一步探讨认知重评、抑制和忽视等情绪调节策略调控记忆中的情绪效应的有效性和认知神经机制。研究结果将会有助于对情绪、情绪调节和记忆的关系的理解, 并对促进学生的学习记忆活动有现实意义。     

员工负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响

情绪劳动指的是员工在工作中按照组织的要求来调节自己的情绪感受和表达, 是服务行业普遍关注的问题。本研究基于自我调节理论(Self-Regulation Theory), 探讨了员工个体内负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响效应, 以及个体间水平上员工工作年限和情绪智力对该效应的跨层次调节作用。通过分析收集自210名呼叫中心员工14个工作日的追踪数据, 本研究发现员工每天的负性情绪显著抑制了深层动作; 工作年限和情绪智力显著调节了个体内负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响效应。数据分析结果支持了情绪劳动的研究中自我调节理论的作用, 本研究也据此讨论了理论意义和实践应用价值。     

老年人日常人际问题解决中的悲伤情绪体验和情绪调节策略: 年龄和人格特质的作用

考察了日常人际问题解决中老年人的悲伤情绪体验和情绪调节策略与青年人的差异,以及年龄和人格特质的作用。共45名老年人和59名青年人接受半结构化访谈和人格特质测量。结果表明：（1）以教育水平为协变量的方差分析表明,老年人和青年人的悲伤情绪体验没有显著差异。老年人的被动情绪调节策略的使用和青年人存在显著差异;（2）老年人的被动情绪调节策略不但与年龄有关,而且与悲伤情绪体验有关。悲伤情绪体验可以显著预测其被动情绪调节策略使用;（3）老年人的悲伤情绪体验与人格特质神经质维度存在显著正相关;（4）老年人与年轻人的被动情绪调节策略都与悲伤情绪有关,但老年人的被动情绪调节策略不能由人格特质显著预测,而青年人的被动调节策略还可以由人格特质内外向维度显著预测。人格特质的内外向维度对老年人和青年人的前摄性情绪调节策略的预测效应是一致的。最后针对老年人的悲伤情绪体验和情绪调节策略的意义进行了讨论。     

执行功能对个体情绪调节策略使用倾向和调节效果的影响

为了探讨执行功能对情绪调节的作用,通过两个研究分析执行功能对情绪调节策略使用倾向和情绪调节效果的影响。研究1以100名大学生为被试,采用执行功能任务和情绪调节策略问卷考察执行功能与情绪调节策略使用倾向之间的关系;研究2招募了40名大学生被试,采用执行功能任务和情绪调节任务考察执行功能对情绪调节效果的影响,依据执行功能总分对被试进行分组,分析前33%高执行功能被试和后33%低执行功能被试在情绪调节效果上是否存在差异。结果发现,执行功能越低的个体越倾向于选择使用表达抑制策略,执行功能越高的个体使用认知重评策略进行情绪调节的效果更好。     

不同心理弹性者的日常情绪特征:结合体验采样研究的证据

结合体验采样法和问卷法,分别考察了从252名上海高校大学生中甄别出的100名高、中、低心理弹性者在日常情绪状态和情绪复杂性、情绪调节方式上的差异态势。结果发现,不同心理弹性大学生:(1)在日常情绪状态上存在差异。高心理弹性组积极情绪的总分、强度和频率都显著高于低弹性组;高心理弹性组的积极情绪在日常情绪构成中所占的比重显著大于中、低弹性组。(2)在情绪复杂性的4个维度有不一致的表现。高心理弹性组拥有更高的积极情绪细腻度,3组在其他维度上没有发现差异。(3)积极情绪调节中,高心理弹性组多采用宣泄而少用抑制策略;消极情绪调节中,低心理弹性组多采用认知重视调节。这提示,积极情绪是与个体适应发展密切相关的内部因素,也是促进心理弹性发展的重要资源,个体对积极情绪的体验和觉察对心理弹性有重要影响。针对情绪觉察与调节的指导训练有望提升个体心理弹性。     

The effect of emotional clarity and attention to emotion on job satisfaction: A mediating role of emotion regulation among Chinese medical staff

The present study examined the relationships among attention to emotion, emotional clarity, emotion regulation, and job satisfaction, and tested whether the plausible associations between emotional processes (e.g., attention to emotion, emotional clarity) and job satisfaction can be mediated by emotion regulation in a sample of Chinese medical staff. In total, 1,766 medical staff in Guangdong province completed questionnaires including the demographics, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Emotional Clarity, Attention to Emotion, and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results showed significant direct effect of emotional clarity, but not attention to emotion on job satisfaction. Cognitive reappraisal significantly mediated the associations between emotional processes (e.g., attention to emotion, emotional clarity) and job satisfaction whereas expressive suppression was not a statistically significant mediator. These results suggest that attention to emotion and emotional clarity contribute to job satisfaction by increasing certain emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal. Intervention or medical education programs targeting enhancing emotional clarity and reappraisal may be beneficial for increasing job satisfaction of medical staff in China.     

Facets of Emotion Regulation and Emotional Disorder Symptom Dimensions: Differential Associations and Incremental Validity in a Large Clinical Sample

A growing literature suggests robust associations between dimensions of emotion regulation and emotional disorder psychopathology. However, limited research has investigated associations of emotion regulation dimensions across several emotional disorders (transdiagnostic associations), or the incremental validity of emotion regulation versus the higher-order construct of neuroticism. The current study used exploratory structural equation modeling and a large clinical sample (N = 1,138) to: (a) develop a multidimensional emotion regulation measurement model, (b) evaluate the differential associations between latent emotion regulation dimensions and five latent emotional disorder symptom dimensions (social anxiety, depression, agoraphobia/panic, obsessions/compulsions, generalized worry), and (c) determine the incremental contribution of emotion regulation in predicting symptom dimensions beyond neuroticism. The best-fitting measurement model of emotion regulation included four dimensions: Problematic Responses, Poor Recognition/Clarity, Negative Thinking, and Emotional Inhibition/Suppression. Although many zero-order associations between the four latent emotion regulation dimensions and five latent symptom dimensions were significant, few associations remained significant in a structural regression model that included neuroticism. Specifically, Negative Thinking and Problematic Responses incrementally predicted depression symptoms, while Emotional Inhibition/Suppression predicted both social anxiety and depression symptoms. Associations between neuroticism and the emotional disorder dimensions were similar regardless of whether the emotion regulation dimensions were held constant. These results suggest that self-reported emotion regulation dimensions are associated with the severity and expression of a range of emotional disorder symptoms, but that some emotion regulation dimensions have limited incremental validity after accounting for general emotional reactivity. Studies of emotion regulation should assess neuroticism as a key covariate.     

Emotional Schemas

Beck's cognitive model has stressed the influence of cognitive processing in eliciting and maintaining emotional disorders. The concept of schema is extended in Emotional Schema Therapy to account for beliefs, assumptions, and strategies that comprise problematic theories of emotion that result in unhelpful strategies of emotion regulation and acceptance of emotion. In the present paper the central concepts of Emotional Schema Therapy are elucidated and research supporting the model is reviewed.     

Ruminative Inertia,Emotion Regulation,and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study

Emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal are emotion regulation strategies that have been linked to the severity of depression. Recent research has shown that greater ruminative inertia (i.e., rumination that is more resistant to change across time) is also associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in clinical samples. However, it is unknown how tendencies to use suppression or reappraisal might be related to the inertia of rumination from day to day. After completing a baseline assessment of depressive symptoms and trait emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal use, undergraduates (n = 94) completed daily-diary questionnaires assessing rumination for two weeks. Both higher depressive symptoms and greater tendencies to use suppression predicted stronger ruminative inertia, while tendencies to use reappraisal were unrelated to ruminative inertia. These results suggest that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies may contribute to a pattern of rumination that is more resistant to change over time. They also provide the first evidence that ruminative inertia is positively associated with depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample.     

情绪领导力：概念、测量、发展与模型建构

情绪领导力是指领导者基于自身情绪能力, 通过情绪传染和策略运用来有效管理组织成员的正性和负性情绪, 充分发挥不同情绪的有利效价, 营造应景的组织情绪氛围, 带领组织成员为实现组织共同目标而奋斗。目前, 情绪领导力的测量主要是借用情绪智力量表, 缺乏标准化工具。情绪领导力的研究发展经历3个阶段：以领导情绪能力为中心、以领导情绪传染为中心和以情绪领导力为中心。基于各阶段研究梳理, 建构整合模型：遗传基因、人格和情绪特质对情绪领导力起预测作用, 大脑活动(右侧额叶)与情绪领导力互为因果关系。情绪领导力通过直接和间接两条路径对个体和组织层面的领导效能产生显著影响。未来研究应加强对概念、测量、调节机制、生物基础、组织层面议题和跨文化对比等方面进行探讨。     

情绪活动对免疫系统的影响

医学心理学新近研究表明,情绪状态及其所伴随的生理反应直接影响免疫系统的功能,积极情绪状态会增强免疫功能,而消极情绪状态则削弱免疫功能,且会提高人对疾病的易感性;情绪调节方式与免疫系统功能间存在着明显相关：积极的情绪调节有助于免疫功能的增强,而消极的情绪调节则导致免疫功能的减弱;情绪宣泄能够缓解创伤或压力事件对免疫功能的消极影响,而抑制消极体验则会导致免疫系统功能的降低,引发更为严重的身心健康问题。     

Less is more? Effects of exhaustive vs. minimal emotion labelling on emotion regulation strategy planning

Previous research suggests that labelling emotions, or describing affective states using emotion words, facilitates emotion regulation. But how much labelling promotes emotion regulation? And which emotion regulation strategies does emotion labelling promote? Drawing on cognitive theories of emotion, we predicted that labelling emotions using fewer words would be less confusing and would facilitate forms of emotion regulation requiring more cognitively demanding processing of context. Participants (N?=?82) mentally immersed themselves in an emotional vignette, were randomly assigned to an exhaustive or minimal emotion labelling manipulation, and then completed an emotion regulation strategy planning task. Minimal (vs. exhaustive) emotion labelling promoted higher subjective emotional clarity. Furthermore, in terms of specific emotion regulation strategies, minimal emotion labelling prompted more plans for problem solving and marginally more plans for reappraisal, but did not affect plans for behavioural activation or social support seeking. We discuss implications for the cognitive mechanisms supporting the generation of emotion regulation strategies.     

情绪性工作的研究现状

情绪性工作是为表达组织所期待的情绪所做出的心理调节加工,是制约工作绩效高低和组织目标达成的重要因素。该文在介绍情绪性工作的涵义、特征的基础上,从规则的效度、表达的类型、调节的策略、理论的模型以及工作的后效等方面,介绍了当前情绪性工作的研究现状。     

Examining the relationship between emotion regulation deficits and borderline personality disorder features: A daily diary study

This study used a six-day daily diary methodology to precisely specify the nature of emotion regulation deficits associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features. Three possibilities were explored: that BPD features are associated with (1) the overall underuse of emotion regulation strategies; (2) the overuse of dysfunctional and the underuse of functional strategies; and (3) the lower perceived effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. One hundred and fifty-four undergraduate participants completed self-report measures of BPD feature severity, and then reported their daily negative emotional intensity, whether or not they used various emotion regulation strategies, and whether or not the strategies that they used were effective across a six-day period. Higher BPD features were associated with (a) higher total frequency use of emotion regulation strategies; (b) higher frequency use of dysfunctional and functional emotion regulation strategies; and (c) less self-reported effectiveness of functional strategies. BPD features may be characterized by increased attempts to regulate emotions, without corresponding increases in perceived effectiveness.