反刍思维:类型、理论解释与展望

反刍思维是指重复被动地思考抑郁症状以及这些症状可能的原因和结果。它的类型包括强迫思考和反省深思,前者是指被动地比较当前状况和不能实现的目标之间的差距;后者是指有目的的、向内地解决认知问题。反应风格理论和压力反应反刍从不同的角度对反刍思维进行了解释。未来研究可以从以下2个方面对反刍思维进行深入探讨:1)使用新方法在日常生活中对反刍进行研究;2)针对不同群体提高反刍思维的干预能力。     

受欺负对抑郁情绪的影响:悲伤、愤怒反刍的中介作用及性别差异

为探究受欺负对于个体抑郁情绪的影响,以及反刍这一认知因素在其中的作用与性别差异,采用受欺负问卷、儿童应对方式问卷中的悲伤反刍分量表、愤怒反刍问卷、儿童抑郁量表对2582名初中二年级学生（男生1328人,女生1254人;平均年龄13.95岁,SD=0.60）进行问卷调查。结果发现：（1）受欺负与悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍、抑郁情绪均呈显著正相关;（2）受欺负、悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍均可显著正向预测个体的抑郁情绪,且悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍在受欺负和抑郁情绪的关系中发挥部分中介作用;（3）该模型存在性别差异。女生悲伤反刍对抑郁情绪的预测作用显著大于男生。研究从悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍的角度揭示了受欺负对青少年抑郁情绪的作用机制,为从认知水平上干预青少年心理健康问题提供了参考。     

抑郁的人格易感性：概念、理论与发展

抑郁人格易感性的研究主要围绕依赖-自我批评,社会性依赖-自主以及完美主义等概念展开。目前该方向的理论和研究不仅涉及抑郁易感人格的特点与结构,还探讨了人格与压力情境、抑郁的关系,易感人格与一般人格、特定抑郁症状的关系,人格易感性的不适应性本质等问题,文章对此进行了回顾。今后的研究除了应当在已有方向上深入探究之外,还应当考虑在不同文化背景下对人格易感性采用自下而上的方式重新考察,以及将人格与认知易感性研究相结合等新思路     

无望抑郁认知易感操作化方法及其研究述评

合成分数、基于最弱联结假设提出的最大值以及基于解释方式差异性提出的个体内标准差是目前无望抑郁研究中应用较广的认知易感操作化方法.回顾无望抑郁研究所使用的认知易感操作化方法,梳理这些操作化方法对理解无望抑郁症状发展及其治疗的意义,可发现合成分数与最大值反映了无望抑郁认知易感因子之间关系的不同侧面,后续研究可继续对这两种操作化方法进行比较,以个体内标准差计算出的解释弹性可能是无望抑郁理论之外新的易感因素,可为治疗抑郁提供新的视角.     

生活事件对初中生抑郁的影响:自尊和反刍思维的链式中介作用

为了探讨生活事件、自尊、反刍思维和初中生抑郁之间的关系,研究采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、反刍思维量表和儿童抑郁量表对684名初中生进行调查。结果显示：（1）生活事件与初中生抑郁呈显著正相关;（2）自尊和反刍思维在生活事件和初中生抑郁间起链式中介作用。生活事件不仅是触发初中生抑郁的重要外部因素,而且生活事件还会通过影响自尊和经由反刍思维对初中生抑郁产生间接作用。因此,减少和避免生活事件对初中生心理的冲击,增强其自尊水平,调整其负性认知方式是改善和预防初中生抑郁的重要途径。     

反刍思维对中学生神经质和抑郁的中介作用

目的:探讨反刍思维对神经质和抑郁的中介作用。方法:使用从大五人格量表中抽取的测量神经质的条目、反刍思维量表(RRS)和从SCL-90中抽取的抑郁条目,对912名中学生进行施测,并对数据进行相关分析、回归分析和结构方程模型验证。结果:①神经质、反刍思维各因子与抑郁两两呈正相关,且均达显著水平;②分层回归结果表明,神经质通过反刍思维的部分中介作用影响抑郁,症状反刍与反省深思是重要的中介因素;③中介模型的拟合指数为:x~2(df=5,n=912)=14.3,x~2/df=2.86,GFI=0.995,CFI=0.997,NFI=0.995,IFI=0.997,RMSEA=0.045。结论:反刍思维的症状反刍和反省深思因子在神经质和抑郁间起部分中介作用。     

经验性回避对抑郁症发病的影响及慈心冥想干预方法的研究

经验性回避和反刍思维导致了抑郁症的发病和症状的持续,并且抑郁症的反刍思维与认知行为的回避倾向有非常密切的联系.以正念为基础的干预方法是当代心理学研究的一个热点,而与其密切相关的慈心冥想则很少被讨论.慈心冥想是指发展出对人的一种无条件、积极的慈爱与宽容的情感.正念能够增加对此时此刻的觉察,慈心冥想能够增加积极情感、降低消极情感,两者恰恰能够针对性地应对回避行为和反刍思维,从而减轻抑郁的症状.慈心冥想和正念冥想相结合,能为抑郁症提供更为有效的治疗.     

“冷”/“热”执行功能缺陷影响ADHD儿童核心症状的作用机制

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种以注意缺陷和(或)多动、冲动为核心症状的神经发育障碍,与前额叶发育异常所致的执行功能缺陷密切相关。基于此,从神经-认知-行为的发展途径提出执行功能缺陷可能是认知层面上导致ADHD核心症状的发病机理,其中与背侧前额叶相关的“冷”执行功能缺陷可能是导致注意缺陷核心症状的主导因素,而与腹内侧前额叶相关的“热”执行功能缺陷可能是导致多动、冲动核心症状的主导因素。一方面,“冷”执行功能缺陷主要引起工作记忆表征维持失败、抑制控制能力不足、认知转换困难等方面,这些缺陷进一步导致了个体在注意持续、注意选择和注意转移上受到限制;另一方面,“热”执行功能缺陷则带来厌恶延迟、奖赏加工异常、动机失调等问题,使得个体行为抑制失败,更容易做出冲动性选择,从而表现出多动、冲动等核心症状。未来研究应进一步检验和完善“冷”、“热”执行功能缺陷影响ADHD核心症状的理论模型以及从认知神经层面上提供更多的实证证据,同时还需从生态层面考察“冷”和“热”执行功能缺陷对ADHD核心症状的交互影响,并基于执行功能开发对ADHD核心症状具有个性化、精准化、长效化的干预方案。     

青少年孤独感与抑郁症状:反应风格的中介作用以及性别的调节作用

基于反应风格理论,本研究探索反应风格在青少年孤独感与抑郁症状之间的中介效应。使用孤独感量表、儿童反应风格量表以及儿童抑郁量表对 795 名 青少年进行调查。结果发现：（1）青少年孤独感能显著预测抑郁症状。（2）青少年孤独感能通过反刍、问题解决间接预测抑郁症状。（3）反应风格整体（比率分数）中介青少年孤独感与抑郁症状之间的关系。本研究结果显示,反应风格能够解释青少年孤独感与抑郁症状之间的内在机制。     

初中生校园排斥对抑郁的影响：反刍思维与特质正念的作用

研究采用问卷法对955名初中生进行问卷调查,探讨校园排斥对抑郁的影响,以及反刍思维和特质正念的作用。结果表明：（1）校园排斥正向预测初中生抑郁,反刍思维在校园排斥与抑郁间具有中介作用;（2）校园排斥对抑郁的直接效应受到特质正念的调节,直接效应对低特质正念初中生更为显著;（3）特质正念还调节了反刍思维对校园排斥与初中生抑郁中介过程的后半段路径,高特质正念初中生的抑郁水平更低。研究以校园排斥、反刍思维和特质正念为切入点构建了青少年抑郁的影响机制模型,为预防和干预青少年抑郁提供了新的视角和数据支持。      

The effects of rumination and negative cognitive styles on depression: a mediation analysis

Research on cognitive models of depression has identified negative cognitive styles and rumination as risk factors for depression. The present study examined the hypothesis that rumination mediates the effect of negative cognitive styles on depression. Specifically, we evaluated the differential effects of two aspects of rumination, characterized by brooding and reflection, on the relationship between negative cognitive styles and level of depressive symptoms. A total of 115 college students and 38 patients suffering from depressive disorders completed a battery of questionnaires measuring levels of depressive symptoms, brooding, reflection, and negative cognitive styles. The results support the notion that there exist two distinct dimensions of rumination and that, of the two, it is brooding and not reflection that mediates the relationship between negative cognitive styles and depression and contributes to its negative outcomes.     

Obsessive-Compulsive and Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Depressive Cognitive Styles

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) commonly co-occurs with depression, resulting in heightened severity and poorer treatment response. Research on the associations between specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms has utilized measures that have not fully considered the relationship across OCS dimensions. Little is known about which factors explain the overlap between OCS and depressive symptoms. OCS and depressive symptoms may be related via depressive cognitive styles, such as rumination or dampening (i.e., down-regulating positive emotions). We evaluated the associations of OCS dimensions with depressive symptoms and cognitive styles. We also examined the indirect effects of rumination and dampening in the relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 250) completed questionnaires online. Greater depressive symptoms, rumination, and dampening were associated with greater levels of all OCS dimensions. Path analysis was utilized to examine a model including the direct effect of depressive symptoms on overall OCS and two indirect effects (through rumination and dampening). There was a significant indirect effect of depressive cognitive styles on the relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms, through rumination and dampening. Replication in a clinical sample and experimental manipulations may bear important implications for targeting depressive cognitive styles in treatments for OCD and depression.     

Testing the cognitive catalyst model of depression: does rumination amplify the impact of cognitive diatheses in response to stress?

Recent studies have found that rumination functions as a catalyst of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Specifically, these studies have reported synergistic effects between rumination and negative cognitive content (beliefs and attitudes), such that rumination amplifies the association between negative cognitive content and depression (Ciesla & Roberts, 2002, 2007; Robinson & Alloy, 2003). The current study extended this work by testing whether cognitive vulnerability involving the combination of negative cognitive content and rumination increases the impact of stress on the course of depressive symptoms. One hundred ninety-one college students with elevated depressive symptoms participated in a two-wave longitudinal study. Results indicate that the maintenance of depressive symptoms was predicted by the three-way interaction of negative cognitive content, rumination, and stressful life events. More specifically, students who endorsed both maladaptive cognitive content and a tendency to ruminate were particularly vulnerable to the deleterious impact of life stress.     

Rumination mediates the relationship between impaired cognitive control for emotional information and depressive symptoms: A prospective study in remitted depressed adults

Impaired cognitive control may be an important vulnerability factor for depression. Moreover, impairments in cognitive control have been proposed as a crucial process underlying ruminative thinking. The present study investigates the influence of impaired cognitive control for emotional information on rumination and depressive symptoms in a prospective design with a 1 year follow up in a clinical sample. Thirty remitted depressed adults completed the Internal Shift Task (IST), a measure of cognitive control of emotional information, at baseline. Moreover, questionnaires measuring rumination (RRS) and depressive symptoms (BDI-II) were administered. One year later participants were contacted again and asked to complete the BDI-II and RRS. Mediation analyses showed a significant influence of impaired cognitive control for emotional information at baseline on depressive symptoms one year later, which was fully mediated by rumination. These findings underscore the importance of cognitive control abilities as a process underlying rumination and as a vulnerability factor for depression. They can stimulate translational research to improve the effectiveness of interventions that aim to decrease vulnerability by targeting cognitive control.     

Worry and rumination: differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior

Worry and rumination are closely allied cognitive processes that impact on the experience of anxious and depressive symptoms. Using a prospective design, this study examined overlapping and distinct features of worry and rumination in relation to symptoms and coping behavior in a nonclinical sample of Singaporean college students. Worry and rumination were highly correlated, but they retained distinct components that predicted anxious and depressive symptoms differentially within and across time. Specifically, worry was uniquely associated with anxious and depressive symptoms whereas rumination was uniquely related to depression. In comparison to rumination, worry emerged as the dominant cognitive vulnerability factor that predicted increments in symptoms over time. With regards to coping behavior, low perceived coping effectiveness partially mediated the relation between worry and increases in anxiety and depression. Conversely, rumination uniquely predicted higher disengagement from problems, which resulted in further exacerbation of depressive mood. These results demonstrated not only the distinct features of worry and rumination on coping behavior, but also the different coping pathways by which they differentially impact on subsequent symptoms.     

Self-Compassion in Depression: Associations With Depressive Symptoms,Rumination, and Avoidance in Depressed Outpatients

Self-compassion involves being kind to oneself when challenged with personal weaknesses or hardship and has been claimed to be associated with resilience in various areas. So far, there are only a handful of studies that investigate self-compassion and its relation to clinical depression. Therefore, the principal goals of the present study were (a) to compare self-compassion in clinically depressed patients and never-depressed subjects, (b) to investigate self-compassion and its relation to cognitive-behavioral avoidance and rumination in depressed outpatients, and (c) to investigate rumination and avoidance as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. One hundred and forty-two depressed outpatients and 120 never-depressed individuals from a community sample completed a self-report measure of self-compassion along with other measures. Results indicate that depressed patients showed lower levels of self-compassion than never-depressed individuals, even when controlled for depressive symptoms. In depressed outpatients, self-compassion was negatively related to depressive symptoms, symptom-focused rumination, as well as cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Additionally, symptom-focused rumination and cognitive and behavioral avoidance mediated the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. These findings extend previous research on self-compassion, its relation to depression, as well as processes mediating this relationship, and highlight the importance of self-compassion in clinically depressed patients. Since depressed patients seem to have difficulties adopting a self-compassionate attitude, psychotherapists are well advised to explore and address how depressed patients treat themselves.     

Rumination, worry, cognitive avoidance, and behavioral avoidance: examination of temporal effects

Recently, cross-sectional research has demonstrated that depressive rumination is significantly associated with the tendency to engage in cognitive and behavioral avoidance. This evidence suggests that rumination may be the result of attempts to avoid personally threatening thoughts, in a manner suggested by multiple contemporary theories of worry. This investigation examined the temporal relationship among daily levels of cognitive avoidance, behavioral avoidance, rumination, worry, and negative affect. Seventy-eight adolescents completed baseline questionnaires and then electronically completed daily measures of rumination, worry, behavioral avoidance, and cognitive avoidance, as well as sad and anxious affect for 7 days. Lagged-effect multilevel models indicated that increases in daily sadness were predicted by greater daily rumination and cognitive avoidance. Increases in daily anxiety were predicted by greater daily rumination, worry, and both cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Further, both daily rumination and worry were positively predicted by daily cognitive, but not behavioral, avoidance. Mediation analyses suggested that rumination mediated the effect of cognitive avoidance on both sadness and anxiety. Also, worry mediated the effect of cognitive avoidance on anxiety. Implications for models of avoidance, rumination, and worry are discussed.     

Pathways linking temperament and depressive symptoms: A short-term prospective diary study among adolescents

The current study examined mechanisms through which trait negative affectivity (NA) and effortful control (EC) prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in a community sample of 110 adolescents (mean age=16.40 years) in a 9-week, multi-wave diary study. We hypothesised youth with high NA and low EC would experience greater increases in depressive symptoms because they generate more maladaptive cognitive responses to stress. NA predicted greater event-specific rumination and negative cognitive style across the study period. After controlling for trait cognitive vulnerabilities, only event-specific rumination mediated the effect of NA on subsequent depressive symptoms, suggesting that high-NA youth are more likely to ruminate about stressful events, which then predicts increases in depressive symptoms. EC did not moderate the effects of NA on either depressive symptoms or cognitive responses to stress. Results are discussed in terms of vulnerability-stress models linking temperament and depressive symptoms in adolescence.     

Pathways linking temperament and depressive symptoms: a short-term prospective diary study among adolescents

The current study examined mechanisms through which trait negative affectivity (NA) and effortful control (EC) prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in a community sample of 110 adolescents (mean age=16.40 years) in a 9-week, multi-wave diary study. We hypothesised youth with high NA and low EC would experience greater increases in depressive symptoms because they generate more maladaptive cognitive responses to stress. NA predicted greater event-specific rumination and negative cognitive style across the study period. After controlling for trait cognitive vulnerabilities, only event-specific rumination mediated the effect of NA on subsequent depressive symptoms, suggesting that high-NA youth are more likely to ruminate about stressful events, which then predicts increases in depressive symptoms. EC did not moderate the effects of NA on either depressive symptoms or cognitive responses to stress. Results are discussed in terms of vulnerability-stress models linking temperament and depressive symptoms in adolescence.