企业员工工作动机的结构研究

本研究利用问卷调查的方法 ,探讨了我国企业员工工作动机的结构及其特征 ,结果发现我国企业员工的工作动机可以概括为追求胜任取向、外在报酬取向、他人评价取向、自我决定取向与良好关系取向五个因素。所得到的五因素模型较内部动机、外部动机两维模型更加具体、全面地反映了工作动机的内容。企业员工工作动机的取向与性别、受教育水平等因素有关。研究得到了《企业员工工作动机取向量表》 ,该量表共 38个项目 ,具有较好的信度与效度。     

工作场所中他人感知的员工工作-家庭冲突：刻板印象视角

以往研究发现工作场所中他人感知的员工工作-家庭冲突对员工工作结果具有重要影响, 但相关研究处于起步阶段。在文献回顾的基础上, 从刻板印象理论出发, 提出可能影响他人感知员工工作-家庭冲突的工作、家庭相关因素; 采用能力-热情维度框架探讨他人感知员工工作-家庭冲突的作用机制及其结果。今后研究可在整合工作-家庭冲突研究和刻板印象理论的基础上, 对他人感知员工工作-家庭冲突的形成及人际效用机制等方面进行拓展。     

上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系

基于上下级匹配理论,本研究探讨了上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系。采用多项式回归与响应面分析技术,对收集的129对“领导者?员工”配对数据进行分析,结果表明：（1）在上下级工作场所精神性一致的情况下,上下级工作场所精神性一致程度与下级主动行为呈倒U型关系;（2）在上下级工作场所精神性不一致的情况下,当下级工作场所精神性高于上级时,下级会表现出更多的主动行为。     

恶意报复还是认同驱动?新员工的角色社会化程度对其职场排斥行为的作用机制

以往关于职场排斥形成机制的研究, 主要是基于冲突-报复的视角, 验证了人际冲突对职场排斥具有稳定的预测作用, 而这个解释逻辑很可能对新员工并不适用。本文基于角色认同理论, 考察新员工的角色社会化程度对其职场排斥行为的作用机制。通过对多阶段收集的249对新员工上下级匹配问卷分析发现, 在控制了经典的冲突报复机制之后, 角色认同机制能够解释新员工的职场排斥行为。具体来说, 结果显示：(1)新员工的角色社会化程度负向影响其职场排斥行为; (2)工作疏离感在新员工的角色社会化程度与职场排斥行为之间起中介作用; (3)发展性反馈在新员工的角色社会化程度与工作疏离感的关系中起调节作用; 进一步, (4)发展性反馈调节了工作疏离感对角色社会化程度-职场排斥行为关系的中介作用。本研究结果不仅从理论上拓展了职场排斥行为的研究视角, 为以后的进一步研究提供新的理论框架, 而且从角色认同的视角为组织管理新员工的职场排斥行为提供新思路。     

德行领导、关系与创造力:权力距离的调节作用

基于社会交换理论,通过分析275份员工及其领导的配对样本,探讨德行领导对员工创造力的影响机制。研究发现:(1)德行领导对上下级关系有显著的正向影响;(2)上下级关系在德行领导与员工创造力之间起部分中介作用;(3)权力距离调节了德行领导与上下级关系之间的作用,也调节了上下级关系在德行领导与员工创造力之间的中介作用。     

伦理型领导如何影响员工创造力:心理安全感与关系的作用

基于认知评价理论,以配对的328组员工为样本,探讨了伦理型领导与员工创造力的关系,及心理安全感、上下级关系在这一关系中的作用。结论:伦理型领导与员工心理安全感正相关;上下级关系与伦理型领导的交互作用强化了员工的心理安全感;心理安全感中介了伦理型领导对员工创造力的影响;上下级关系调节了心理安全感对伦理型领导与创造力关系间的中介作用。     

上下级沟通对工作应激源-应激的调节作用研究

本研究旨在考察上下级沟通对工作应激源-心理及生理应激的调节作用。研究结果表明:上下级沟通的两个维度及时告知和指导、积极表达对应激源-应激有不稳定的、不强烈的调节作用,既表现为及时告知与指导对工作-家庭冲突与心理应激、对工作负荷-生理应激有缓冲作用(负向作用),也表现为积极表达对工作-家庭冲突-生理应激、及时告知和指导对攻击行为-心理应激有增强作用(正向作用)。     

主动性人格对小学教师工作满意度的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

该研究探讨了主动性人格与小学教师工作满意度的关系，并提出一个有调节的中介模型，考察个人-工作匹配的中介效应和工作-家庭冲突对该效应的调节效应。研究采用主动性人格量表、个人-工作匹配量表、工作-家庭冲突量表和工作满意度量表对8所小学420名教师进行测查，结果表明：（1）主动性人格对个人-工作匹配和工作满意度均有显著的正向预测作用；（2）个人-工作匹配在主动性人格与工作满意度之间起着中介作用；（3）个人-工作匹配与工作满意度的关系（中介效应的后半段路径）受到工作-家庭冲突的调节，即工作-家庭冲突可以降低个人-工作匹配对工作满意度的正向影响。因此，主动性人格和工作满意度之间存在有调节的中介效应。     

角色压力、工作家庭冲突和心理抑郁的中美比较--社会支持的调节作用

在中国和北美两个样本中,探讨了工作家庭冲突模型的共性和差异。首先使用多组验证性因子分析找到适用于中美样本的模型,然后采用结构方程模型和多层次回归进行假设检验。结果显示,中美员工感知到的工作-家庭(家庭-工作)冲突在工作(家庭)角色压力和心理抑郁的关系中都起中介作用。此外,情境的差异导致中美员工在工作支持和家庭支持的调节作用上有不同的表现,即中国员工感受到的工作(家庭)支持对角色压力和冲突间关系的调节作用不显著,在北美样本中,工作支持负向调节工作角色压力到工作-家庭冲突的关系,而工作支持和家庭支持正向调节家庭角色压力到家庭-工作冲突的关系。本文的发现能够帮助管理者意识到情境因素的重要作用,从而制定更为有效的管理决策。     

组织心理所有权的前因与后果：基于“人-境互动”的视角

采用问卷调查法, 以广东地区电信企业的216名员工为研究对象, 考察了组织心理所有权的影响因素与影响效果。研究结果表明：(1)威权领导与员工的组织心理所有权呈显著负相关, 并且对员工集体主义倾向与其组织心理所有权之间的关系具有显著的调节作用：在领导者高威权作风的情况下, 集体主义倾向与组织心理所有权之间并无显著相关性; 在领导者低威权作风的情况下, 集体主义倾向与组织心理所有权之间存在显著正相关。(2)上下级关系显著调节员工的组织心理所有权与其沉默行为之间的关系。当上下级关系较强时, 组织心理所有权与沉默行为之间存在显著负相关; 当上下级关系较弱时, 组织心理所有权与沉默行为之间并无显著相关性。     

Gender role orientation,ethical and interpersonal conflicts,and conflict handling styles of female managers

This study examines the influences of socialization and structural variables on relations among gender role orientations, interpersonal and ethical conflicts, and conflict handling styles. The data were collected from 134 female federal and provincial government supervisors and managers (Mage 40.1). Results of multivariate analyses of variance indicated that managers with high-instrumental traits are likely to indicate that they would use a dominating conflict handling style, and androgynous managers (high-expressive and high-instrumental traits) are more likely to indicate that they would use an integrating style. Managers did not report that they would use different conflict handling styles for ethical and interpersonal conflicts. Moreover, nonsignificant interaction effects indicated that the nature of the conflict did not moderate the gender role orientation and conflict handling style relationship.

     

Role styles of women police officers

This study identified women patrol officers utilizing four styles in relating to male officers: neutral-impersonal, semimasculine, feminine, and mixed. The role styles were helpful in understanding how women cope with conflicts generated by the demands of gender and occupational role. Patterns of emphasizing aspects of each role, of assigning priorities, and of coping techniques emerged around the different styles. The women did not express attachment to any one style in relations with those who were not male co-workers.An earlier version of this article was presented as a paper at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Sacramento, April 8, 1982. The research upon which this article is based was done with Deana Dorman Logan.     

Do conflict management styles affect group decision making? Evidence from a longitudinal field study

This study examined the relationship between group conflict management styles and effectiveness of group decision making in 11 ongoing, naturally occurring workgroups from 2 large U.S. organizations. The major postulate of the study was that groups develop norms regarding how they will manage conflicts that carry over to affect other activities, such as decision making, even when these activities do not involve open conflict. To determine the impact of conflict management style on decision effectiveness, a longitudinal design was used that identified conflict management styles in the initial portion of each team's series of meetings and then analyzed a group decision taken in a meeting near the end of that series. Group conflict management styles were determined using observational methods, and decision effectiveness was measured using multiple indices that tapped member, facilitator, and external observer viewpoints. Task complexity also was considered as a possible moderating variable. The findings suggest that groups that developed integrative conflict management styles made more effective decisions than groups that utilized confrontation and avoidance styles. Groups that never developed a stable style were also less effective than groups with integrative styles.     

Assessing decision-making style in French-speaking populations: Translation and validation of the general decision-making style questionnaire

IntroductionIndividual differences in decision-making are a fundamental component of our understanding of the decision-making process. Scott and Bruce (1995) developed the General Decision-Making Style (GDMS) questionnaire to assess five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous.ObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to translate and validate the GDMS into French. This measure has been used frequently to assess decision-making style since its creation. Yet, the scale is currently unavailable in French despite being already available in Slovak, Italian, and Swedish.MethodFollowing best practices for scale translation (e.g., Vallerand, 1989), the original version of the GDMS was administered to a group of 345 English-speaking participants and the translated version of the questionnaire was administered to a group of 325 French-speaking participants.ResultsThe properties of the translated questionnaire were then compared to those of the original questionnaire. Results of item-level, scale-level and measurement invariance analyses demonstrate that the translated measure, the Échelle des styles décisionnels, is a valid and reliable assessment of decision-making style in French-speaking populations.ConclusionThis measure already exists in languages that are much less commonly spoken than French. The newly translated Échelle des styles décisionnels will now allow researchers to validly assess decision-making style in French-speaking populations, thereby greatly increasing the ability to assess cross-cultural stability of decision-making theories.     

Longitudinal transmission of conflict resolution styles from marital relationships to adolescent-parent relationships.

This study longitudinally investigated transmission: Can the way adolescents resolve conflicts with their parents be explained by the way parents resolve conflicts with each other? Questionnaires about conflict resolution styles were completed by 282 young adolescents (mean age = 13.2) and their parents. Path analyses with cross-lagged effects indicated that transmission of conflict resolution styles from marital relationships to adolescent-parent relationships occurs: Conflict engagement and positive problem solving in marital relationships were significantly related to, respectively, conflict engagement and positive problem solving in adolescent-parent relationships 2 years later. No significant longitudinal effects emerged with regard to withdrawal. Thus, the study shows that the way marital conflicts are handled affects how adolescents deal with conflicts.     

青少年期亲子冲突的特点

从北京市四所普通中学选取829名初一、初二、高一和高二学生为被试,采取匿名的方式让被试报告与父亲和母亲在8个方面冲突的频率和强度,以及与父亲和母亲冲突的形式,冲突时的应对策略,以此探讨青少年期亲子冲突的特点。结果发现;(1)青少年与父母的冲突处于较低水平,发生冲突最多和最激烈的三个方面依次为学业、日常生活安排和做家务,而发生冲突最少和最弱的是隐私;言语冲突和情绪冲突是青少年与父母冲突的主要形式;在与父母发生冲突时,青少年使用最多的策略是回避,使用最少的策略是第三方干预;(2)除家庭成员关系外,青少年与母亲发生冲突的频率和强度均显著高于与父亲发生冲突的频率和强度;(3)女生与母亲在做家务方面的冲突频率和强度显著高于男生,而男生与父亲在花钱方面的冲突频率显著多于女生;男生与父母的身体冲突显著多于女生,而女生与父母的情绪冲突显著多于男生;在应对策略的使用上,男生使用第三方干预策略的情况显著多于女生;(4)随年级升高,青少年与父母冲突的频率和强度呈倒U型曲线发展,初二年级处于顶峰;青少年使用协商、回避和干预策略的情况呈现显著下降的趋势。     

Parents' structuring of children's daily lives in relation to the quality and stability of children's friendships

This study focused on the implications of parents' structuring of their children's home lives for the friendships of their children. Participants were 224 elementary‐school children (108 girls and 116 boys) from four grade levels in two schools in Aix‐en‐Provence, France. Most of the families were of middle or high socio‐economic status. The participating children were seen twice during the same school year in order to assess the stability of their friendship choices and the quality of their friendships. We used Lautrey's (1989) questionnaire in order to assess the parents' styles in the structuring of family life and related child‐rearing practice. This questionnaire delineates three structuring styles: 1) rigid, characterized by considerable imposition of routines with little leeway for exceptional circumstances; 2) flexible, in which established routines can be modified as circumstances dictate; and 3) laissez‐faire, characterized by an absence of predictability and routine. We measured friendship quality by means of Friendship Quality Scale developed by Bukowski, Hoza, and Boivin (1989). This scale consists of 23 items representing five dimensions: companionship, help, security, closeness and conflict. This tool was designed to elicit children's perceptions of a specific relationship with a friend. Results indicated a significant link between parenting style and both of the dimensions of child friendship we studied. Children from homes characterized by a laissez‐faire style of parenting have friendships with more positive features than children from homes with flexible or rigid styles. We also found that friendships were generally less stable and rated as less positive than in similar studies conducted in other countries.     

中学生人格特质、主观应激与应对风格之间的关系

旨在构建中学生的人格特质、主观应激与应对风格之间的关系模型。采用问卷的方法,被试来自成都的四所中学,共607人。探索性因素分析和路径分析结果表明：中学生的应对风格可以分为主动应对和被动应对;不同类型的主观应激之间可能存在潜在关系;主动的应对风格只受到人格特质（外向/内向性、责任心）直接作用;被动的应对风格除了受人格特质的直接和间接作用外,还受到主观应激的影响。     

童年期儿童应对方式发展的成因:特质论还是情境论？

为了探讨童年期儿童应对方式发展的成因,本研究以应对方式问卷和心理素质量表为研究工具,对355名小学三年级学生进行了2年追踪调查。考察了不同应对方式在学业困难情境和同伴冲突情境下的发展轨迹,以及特质性因素心理素质对于不同应对方式发展的影响。结果表明：（1）童年期儿童的积极应对方式在学业困难和同伴冲突情境中有着不同的发展轨迹,而消极应对方式在学业和人际情境中有着相同的发展轨迹。（2）特质因素心理素质在不同的时间均可以显著预测童年期儿童的积极或消极应对方式。这说明童年期儿童应对方式的发展是情境因素和特质因素共同作用的结果。