大学生成就目标与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的：探讨大学生成就目标与主观幸福感的关系。方法：采用成就目标量表、主观幸福感量表整群抽样调查247名大学生。结果：①来自乡村的大学生的掌握目标显著高于来自城镇的大学生,女生的成绩回避目标显著高于男生。②掌握目标与积极情感显著正相关,与消极情感显著负相关;成绩接近目标与生活满意度、积极情感显著正相关;成绩回避目标与消极情感显著正相关。③掌握目标正向预测积极情感,负向预测消极情感;成绩接近目标正向预测生活满意度和积极情感;成绩回避目标正向预测消极情感,负向预测积极情感。结论：掌握目标和成绩接近目标有利于主观幸福感,成绩回避目标不利于主幸福感。     

大学生的时间管理倾向与主观幸福感

以499名在校大学生为对象,采用青少年时间管理倾向性量表、幸福感指数量表和情感平衡量表,探讨其时间价值感、时间监控感和时间效能感与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明:(1)大学生的时间价值感、时间监控感和时间效能感与其主观幸福感间存在显著的相关关系;时间管理倾向和主观幸福感得分不存在显著的性别和年级差异;(2)时间管理倾向不同因子对大学生主观幸福感的影响作用存在一定差异。时间监控观和时间效能感能显著正向预测大学生的主观幸福感指数,时间效能感能显著正向预测大学生的积极情感和情感平衡,同时也能显著地负向预测其消极情感。     

家庭收入与高中生幸福感:社会支持与性别因素的作用

为探讨家庭收入与幸福观的关系，并着力考察性别和社会支持在其中所起的作用，该研究采用家庭收入问卷、社会支持评价量表和总体幸福感量表对520名高中生进行调查，结果发现：（1）高中生家庭收入可显著正向预测总体幸福感；社会支持在两者间起完全中介作用。（2）性别因素对社会支持在家庭收入与总体幸福感之间的中介效应具有调节作用。家庭收入显著正向预测女生的社会支持，而对男生社会支持的预测不显著。研究结果揭示了家庭收入对幸福感的作用机制，可为高中生幸福感提升提供有益指导。     

幼儿教师职业幸福感的特点及其与职业承诺的关系

为探索幼儿教师职业幸福感的特点及其与职业承诺的关系,随机选取川渝两地幼儿教师533名,用修编的幼儿教师职业幸福感量表（KTOWBS）和教师职业承诺问卷（TOCS）进行调查。结果表明：（1）除认知幸福感外,幼儿教师职业幸福感整体水平较高。其中,城市幼儿教师的心理幸福感和情绪幸福感显著高于农村,公办园幼儿教师的社会幸福感显著高于民办园;（2）月薪超过1000元的幼儿教师其社会幸福感显著高于月薪低于1000元者,月薪超过2000元者其心理幸福感、情绪幸福感和认知幸福感显著高于月薪低于2000元者,但心理幸福感随日工作时间增加而降低;（3）幼儿教师职业幸福感各因子与情感承诺、规范承诺和继续承诺存在不同关系。分层线性回归分析显示,社会幸福感、认知幸福感、情绪幸福感和心理幸福感对情感承诺的正向预测作用为17%,认知幸福感和社会幸福感对规范承诺的正向预测作用为7%,社会幸福感对继续承诺的正向预测作用为1%。     

朋友圈点赞与主观幸福感的关系:一个有中介的调节模型

研究旨在考察社交网站（微信朋友圈）中的积极反馈（点赞）与个体主观幸福感的关系，及其内在作用机制—孤独感的中介效应和生命意义体验的调节效应。采用朋友圈点赞频率问卷、生命意义体验量表、孤独感量表和主观幸福感量表对461名微信使用者进行研究。结果表明：（1）个体在朋友圈中获得点赞的频率可正向预测其主观幸福感。（2）生命意义体验对点赞频率与主观幸福感之间的关系具有调节效应。（3）这种调节效应以孤独感为中介变量。研究揭示了社交网站中的积极反馈与个体主观幸福感之间关系的内在机制及其个体差异，对避免社交网站中社会反馈的消极影响具有理论意义。     

青少年跨群体友谊与群际态度的关系研究

本研究旨在考查不同群体(本地、外地)青少年朋友选择的特点,以及跨群体友谊与群际态度的关系,同时考查了群际焦虑在跨群体友谊与群际态度之间的中介作用。905名初中学生参与了本次调查,测量工具包括朋友提名(友谊数量和质量)、群际态度(积极情感与消极刻板印象)和群际焦虑量表。结果发现:(1)在本地与外来学生混合的学校中,跨群体友谊普遍存在,且外地学生在选择朋友时存在一定的本群体偏好;(2)跨群体友谊与更为积极的外群体态度相关联,且这种"友谊效应"只存在于外地学生中;(3)跨群体友谊通过群际焦虑的中介作用对群际态度产生影响。     

青少年线上积极自我呈现与幸福感的关系:线上积极反馈与自尊的作用

采用社交网站自我呈现问卷、社交网站积极反馈问卷、牛津幸福感问卷和整体自尊量表对1804名中学生进行调查,探讨了社交网络使用中的积极自我呈现与幸福感的关系,以及线上积极反馈在二者关系间的中介作用和自尊对这一中介模型的调节作用。结果发现：（1）线上积极自我呈现、线上积极反馈、自尊与幸福感两两均呈显著正相关;（2）线上积极自我呈现不仅能直接正向预测青少年的幸福感,还能通过线上积极反馈的中介作用对幸福感产生作用;（3）自尊不仅能调节线上积极自我呈现对幸福感的直接效应,还能调节线上积极自我呈现经由线上积极反馈预测幸福感的中介作用的前半路径。研究揭示了青少年线上积极自我呈现与幸福感关系的作用机制,有助于引导青少年通过社交网络使用促进积极心理品质的发展。     

社会善念对大学生主观幸福感的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

为考察大学生社会善念与主观幸福感的关系,以及基本心理需要和领悟社会支持在其中的作用机制,采用方便抽样法,应用社会善念自陈量表、基本心理需要量表、领悟社会支持量表和幸福感指数量表对1300名大学生进行问卷调查。结果发现：（1）社会善念对主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用;（2）基本心理需要在社会善念和主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用;（3）领悟社会支持在社会善念与主观幸福感、社会善念与基本心理需要之间均起调节作用。研究结果可以为培养大学生的社会善念与主观幸福感提供理论依据。     

变革型领导对教师职业倦怠的影响:社会情感能力和幸福感的链式中介作用

为了探讨变革型领导、教师社会情感能力、教师幸福感和教师职业倦怠之间的关系,研究采用变革型领导量表、社会情感能力量表、幸福感量表和职业倦怠量表对北京791名教师进行调查。结果显示：（1）变革型领导与教师职业倦怠显著负相关;（2）教师社会情感能力在变革型领导和教师职业倦怠之间起独立中介作用;（3）教师幸福感在变革型领导和教师职业倦怠之间起独立中介作用;（4）教师社会情感能力和教师幸福感在变革型领导和教师职业倦怠间起链式中介作用。变革型领导不仅是直接预测教师职业倦怠的重要外部环境因素,而且变革型领导还能通过教师社会情感能力和教师幸福感这两个内部因素的中介作用间接预测教师职业倦怠。     

教师职业认同与情感承诺的关系：工作满意度的中介作用

基于社会认同理论,采用教师职业认同量表、工作满意度量表和情感承诺问卷对234名中学教师进行调查,考察教师职业认同与情感承诺的关系,以及工作满意度在这一关系中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）职业认同、工作满意度和情感承诺均呈显著正相关;（2）职业认同可以正向显著地直接预测情感承诺,同时又通过工作满意度的中介作用对情感承诺产生间接的预测作用。     

老年人的元刻板印象及其对社会互动的影响

本研究考察了老年人的元刻板印象及其对老年人社会互动的影响。预研究以35名老年人为被试,通过访谈和开放式问卷,获得老年人积极与消极元刻板印象形容词。正式研究以140名老年人为被试,通过问卷调查,首先确定老年人元刻板印象的内容与结构;然后分析发现,当老年人作为社会互动的接受方时：（1）积极元刻板印象正向预测其接受外群体帮助的意愿（包括自主定向帮助和依赖定向帮助）,并且接受帮助可引发积极受助体验;（2）消极元刻板印象只正向预测老年人接受外群体自主定向帮助的意愿,且持消极元刻板印象的老年人受助体验消极。当老年人作为社会互动的发出方时;（3）积极元刻板印象正向预测老年人社会参与的频率和他们对外群体的施助意愿;（4）消极元刻板印象对施助意愿和社会参与的预测作用均不显著。综上,老年人的积极元刻板印象能促进他们的社会互动,并使他们获得良好的互动体验。     

老年人的元刻板印象及其对社会互动的影响

本研究考察了老年人的元刻板印象及其对老年人社会互动的影响。预研究以35名老年人为被试，通过访谈和开放式问卷，获得老年人积极与消极元刻板印象形容词。正式研究以140名老年人为被试，通过问卷调查，首先确定老年人元刻板印象的内容与结构；然后分析发现，当老年人作为社会互动的接受方时：（1）积极元刻板印象正向预测其接受外群体帮助的意愿（包括自主定向帮助和依赖定向帮助），并且接受帮助可引发积极受助体验；（2）消极元刻板印象只正向预测老年人接受外群体自主定向帮助的意愿，且持消极元刻板印象的老年人受助体验消极。当老年人作为社会互动的发出方时；（3）积极元刻板印象正向预测老年人社会参与的频率和他们对外群体的施助意愿；（4）消极元刻板印象对施助意愿和社会参与的预测作用均不显著。综上，老年人的积极元刻板印象能促进他们的社会互动，并使他们获得良好的互动体验。     

Contact with bisexual individuals reduces binegativity among heterosexuals and lesbian women and gay men

Although binegativity, the stigmatization of bisexuality, is prevalent among heterosexual and lesbian and gay communities, little research has addressed how the quantity and quality of intergroup contact affect binegativity. Drawing on intergroup contact theory, this study examined contact with and attitudes toward bisexuals among heterosexual undergraduates, heterosexual adults, and lesbians and gay men. Knowing more bisexuals (quantity) predicted more positive attitudes toward and decreased intergroup anxiety with male and female bisexuals. A multilevel structural equation model indicated that contact quality simultaneously predicted higher perceived stability of female bisexuality (but not male bisexuality) and tolerance of and less intergroup anxiety with male and female bisexuals when contact quantity was controlled for. This research suggests that both quantity and quality of contact with bisexuals predicts improved intergroup attitudes. Implications for future research on reducing binegativity are discussed.     

Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Against People With Schizophrenia

There is a growing awareness that responses to mental health disorders differ according to the label. Still, research on contact and prejudice against people with mental health disorders has generally focused on the broader label, “mental illness,” as though various disorders were interchangeable. The present research specifically investigated the relationship between intergroup contact and avoidance of people with schizophrenia—a particularly stigmatized and challenging group—as well as mediators of that relationship. In Study 1, 78 students completed measures of their prior contact with and prejudice against people with schizophrenia. Prior contact predicted less desired avoidance of people with schizophrenia, and this relationship was mediated by more favorable attitudes. Study 2 (N = 122) replicated the results of Study 1, and also found that less fear and less intergroup anxiety mediated the relationship between contact and avoidance. This suggests that contact may effectively reduce prejudice, even against this highly stigmatized group.     

Ethnic minorities' racial attitudes and contact experiences with white people

In this article, the authors examine the relationship between ethnic minorities' racial attitudes and their intergroup contact experiences with White people. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors demonstrate that the more negative the racial attitudes held by ethnic minorities, the less positive their interactions are with White friends and roommates. With a daily report methodology, Study 2 revealed that ethnic minorities' racial attitudes predicted the decline in the quality of their intergroup contact experiences over a 3-week period. In Study 3, the authors examined a possible mechanism underlying the relationship between racial attitudes and intergroup contact, as well as the influence of ethnic minorities' racial attitudes on White participants' experiences in intergroup contact settings. The authors discuss the findings in terms of the importance of examining ethnic minorities' attitudes in research on intergroup relations.     

大学生对年轻人和老年人的年龄刻板印象

采用内隐联想测验(IAT)和相应的外显测量,考察了大学生被试对年轻人和老年人的内隐和外显年龄刻板印象。结果表明:大学生被试在身体特征、个人表达和认知能力等3个方面对老年人都普遍存在明显消极的内隐态度;而在外显测量中,对年轻人和老年人的态度不存在显著差异;内隐和外显的年龄刻板印象测量之间相关不显著,可以用不同的记忆系统理论和联结-命题评价(APE)模型来解释内隐和外显测量不一致现象;不同性别的大学生被试在外显态度测量和内隐联想测验中测得的年龄刻板印象均不存在显著差异。     

Lay Understanding of Happiness and the Experience of Well-Being: Are Some Conceptions of Happiness More Beneficial than Others?

The aim of the study was to understand aspects of life that men and women associate with happiness and to explore the connections between these associations and well-being (measured as positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction) in different periods of life. Participants were 785 people who were asked to list associations that came to mind on hearing the word ‘happiness’. The moderating roles of gender and period of life (adolescence/adulthood, transition/no transition) were analysed. Participants associated happiness mostly with health and relationships. Other categories included knowledge, work, material goods and freedom. Those who associated happiness with work had higher levels of positive affect. Associating happiness with relationships predicted greater life satisfaction, whereas associating it with material goods predicted lower satisfaction. Gender moderated the relationship between associations and positive affect: associating happiness with material goods decreased positive affect among men but no such effect was observed among women; associating happiness with relationships was beneficial for women but unbeneficial for men. Additionally, associations with material goods predicted lower positive affect, especially in times of transition. Associating happiness with knowledge decreased positive affect in adolescents and increased it in adults. Some ways of understanding happiness improved life satisfaction but none were related to negative affect. The relationship between concepts of happiness and positive affect is complex; some concepts are unbeneficial only for some people and during certain periods of life.     

Acculturation preferences and behavioural tendencies between majority and minority groups: The mediating role of emotions

The main goal of this research was twofold. First, we aimed at determining how acculturation preferences and emotions were related to specific intergroup behavioural tendencies towards majority and minority groups. Second, we aimed at developing an intergroup behavioural tendencies scale that differentiates between valence (facilitation and harm) and intensity (active and passive). The role of intergroup contact was also examined, as it is a known predictor of intergroup prejudice. In order to fulfil these goals, we carried out two studies. In Study 1 , Spanish participants (N = 279) answered a questionnaire about Moroccans (a devalued group) or Ecuadorians (a valued group) by reporting their acculturation preferences for immigrants, their positive and negative emotions, quantity of contact with them and behavioural tendencies towards them. In Study 2 , Moroccans (N = 92) and Ecuadorians (N = 87) assessed Spaniards on these measures. Results confirmed the structure of the new behavioural tendencies scale across four groups of participants. Overall, findings also showed that acculturation preferences and quantity of contact indirectly predicted behavioural tendencies through positive emotions. This research contributes to knowledge on how the majority and minority's acculturation preferences are related to their emotions and specific dimensions of intergroup behavioural tendencies, confirming the predominant mediating role of positive emotions in this process.     

Cultural Inclusiveness Contributing to International Students' Intercultural Attitudes: Mediating Role of Intergroup Contact Variables

This study sought to examine the relationships among Asian‐born international students' perceived cultural inclusiveness and intercultural contact, along with the contributions these variables made to the students' attitudes towards culturally different domestic students. Based on Pettigrew's (1998) intergroup contact theory and previous research on educational cultural climate, we hypothesised that more positive intercultural attitudes would be associated with perceptions of a culturally inclusive educational environment and higher levels of intergroup contact as indicated by quantity of contact, quality of contact, and extent of intercultural friendships. Anonymous survey participants were 190 (76 male and 113 female) Asian‐born international university students at an Australian university. Results showed small to moderate relationships among perceived cultural inclusiveness, all the dimensions of intercultural contact, and intercultural attitudes, except for an unexpected insignificant association between intercultural friendship and attitudes. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that cultural inclusiveness and quality of contact were the only significant predictors of intercultural attitudes. Mediation analysis indicated that quality of contact partially mediated the relationship between cultural inclusiveness and intercultural attitudes. The importance of an inclusive educational environment on intergroup contact and attitudes, from international students' viewpoint, is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Longitudinal effects of contact on intergroup relations: The role of majority and minority group membership and intergroup emotions

A field study was conducted in the Italian context to examine the longitudinal effects of contact on improved intergroup relations, and to test whether the effects were different for majority and minority group members. Furthermore, we examined the processes underlying contact effects. Participants were 68 Italian (majority) and 31 immigrant (minority) secondary school students, who completed a questionnaire at two time points. The results of regression analyses showed that, consistent with the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954 ), quantity and quality of contact longitudinally improved outgroup evaluation and increased the attribution of positive stereotypes to the outgroup; the reverse paths were non‐significant. Notably, whereas quantity of contact improved intergroup attitudes and stereotypes for both majority and minority participants, quality of contact had reliable effects only for the majority group. Intergroup anxiety and empathy mediated the longitudinal effects of quantity of contact for both Italians and immigrants; the cross‐lagged effects of contact quality on criterion variables for the Italian group were mediated by intergroup empathy. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.