老年人行结肠镜检查相关问题探讨

结肠镜检查是一项广泛用于临床的直现有效的诊断结肠疾病的方法.对于整体机能减退的老年人来说,我们可从结肠镜前准备工作中的三个方面:肠道准备用药的比较选择、基础合并症的处理以及医患交流和心理护理提高老年患者对结肠镜的耐受性.     

准备间隔对口吃者言语反应速度的影响

为了考察准备间隔对口吃者言语反应速度的影响,作者采用固定准备间隔下的预备反应时范式,设置了6种准备间隔,通过三个系列实验,检测口吃者的最佳言语准备间隔。结果发现,无论时间压力（项目间隔）怎样变化,口吃被试的问题在于,当准备间隔增加到800ms时,他们无法有效保持或提高反应速度;而且,这一现象只在言语命名任务上表现明显。作者认为,口吃者在言语运动准备过程中的异常,很可能是引起口吃现象的重要原因。     

小学儿童入学准备的类型及其与学校适应关系的研究

对北京市389名儿童入学准备的类型进行研究,探讨不同入学准备类型儿童的特点,并通过追踪数据考察儿童入学准备类型对其一学期后学校适应的影响。结果表明:(1)入学准备可以分为入学准备良好、身体健康和动作技能准备不足、身体健康和动作技能突出/其他领域准备不足和入学准备综合不足四种类型;(2)女生入学准备良好型的比例显著高于男生,而身体健康和动作技能准备不足型、入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于男生;(3)城区儿童入学准备良好型的比例显著高于郊区,而入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于郊区;(4)入学准备良好型儿童的学校适应好于身体健康和动作技能准备不足型和入学准备综合不足型,入学准备综合不足型的学校适应最差。     

小学一年级儿童入学准备状况及其家庭危险和保护因素的研究

以北京市某郊区310名儿童为研究对象,考察儿童的入学准备现状,并进一步探讨入学准备不足儿童的家庭危险和保护因素。结果发现:(1)儿童入学准备整体不足的比例为15.80%,各领域准备不足的比例依次为身体健康和动作技能(20.30%)、认知和一般知识(20.00%)、学习方式(19.70%)、情绪和社会性(17.70%)以及言语发展(13.90%)。(2)儿童(7岁)在入学准备整体和学习方式、言语发展领域的准备状况好于年龄较大儿童(≥7岁)。女生的身体健康和动作技能准备好于男生。(3)父母高学历、权威教养方式和户外互动是儿童入学准备不同领域的保护因素,专制和放任教养方式是其不同领域的危险因素。     

儿童入学准备的评估与促进

入学准备状态是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。本文从四个方面介绍了国内外关于儿童入学准备状态研究的新进展：入学准备的概念发展; 入学准备的评估方式; 影响儿童入学准备的因素; 儿童入学准备的干预与促进。未来的研究方向主要包括：测评工具需要更好地反映入学准备概念的新发展; 采用纵向追踪研究方法动态考察影响入学准备的因素; 提高干预研究设计的质量并加强干预成本与干预效果关系的分析; 在基于五领域模型的宏观研究基础上还需要加强针对其中具体成分的深入研究。     

情绪和时间辨别任务中视听整合与预先准备效应

本研究分别在时间和情绪认知维度上考察预先准备效应对情绪视听整合的影响。时间辨别任务(实验1)发现视觉引导显著慢于听觉引导,并且整合效应量为负值。情绪辨别任务(实验2)发现整合效应量为正值;在负性情绪整合中,听觉引导显著大于视觉引导;在正性情绪整合中,视觉引导显著大于听觉引导。研究表明,情绪视听整合基于情绪认知加工,而时间辨别会抑制整合;此外,跨通道预先准备效应和情绪预先准备效应都与引导通道有关。     

顿悟的准备效应:来自ERP的证据

基于机会同化模型,采用催化范式,运用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,比较有准备阶段和无准备阶段汉字字谜理解过程中准备效应的脑内变化。结果发现,在200ms-900ms内,准备效应引起了一个正的ERP成分(P200-900),大部分脑区得到激活;在900ms-1400ms内,准备效应主要在额区、中央区引起了一个P900-1400成分,在枕区引起了一个N900-1400成分。结果表明,准备期的加工影响了对字谜的理解,准备效应对字谜理解的作用是促进与抑制作用并存。     

学前儿童入学准备的类型及其与自信心、焦虑的关系

利用潜在剖面分析法和辨别分析法对744名幼儿园大班儿童入学准备的类型进行了分类,探讨了不同类型儿童入学准备的特点;不仅使用变量为中心范式考察了儿童入学准备与心理健康的关系,而且使用个体为中心范式分析了不同类型儿童心理健康状况的差异。研究结果表明：（1）儿童入学准备的性别差异不显著;随着家长学历的升高,儿童入学准备水平呈现增高的趋势;（2）儿童入学准备分为成熟型、普通型和滞后型3种。成熟型儿童的入学准备水平最高,滞后型儿童的入学准备水平最低,而普通型儿童的入学准备水平处于成熟型和滞后型之间;（3）儿童入学准备和自信心显著正相关,与焦虑显著负相关;不同入学准备类型儿童的自信心和焦虑均差异显著。     

我对加强信息作战人才培养意义的几点理解

人才准备是未来军事斗争诸多准备中最重要的准备，人才准备的充分程度决定军事斗争准备的程度。大力培养信息作战人才是时代的呼唤，古往今来，得知识者得大势，得人才者得天下。一支胜利之师。大都拥有雄厚的人才基础；一支缺乏战斗力的部队，人才匮乏；素质低下往往是一个重要原因。许多战例告诉我们，知识就是力量，人才就是战斗力。谁抢占到人才这个“第一制高点”，谁就能在未来战场上掌握主动。特别要注意到，目前在新军事革命的形势下，我军与对手还有差距，在信息作战人才方面也存在较大的“知识差”、“能力差”。因此加强信息作战人才培养就显得更加现实和紧迫，意义重大而又深远。     

单侧化准备电位的含义和应用

单侧化准备电位（Lateralized readiness potential, LRP）是指在随意运动中,反应效应器方位所对应的对侧大脑皮层出现的准备电位。LRP分析的关键是确定启动时间点。LRP可以揭示刺激-反应不同阶段的认知加工时间特性。可以从反应准备的抽象性或具体性以及大脑控制运动输出的“中枢”机制或“外周”机制这两个思路去验证LRP。LRP在阈下知觉和内隐学习、运动准备和反应执行、西蒙效应等方面的认知心理学研究以及新兴的脑-机界面工程心理学研究得到了广泛的应用,但LRP的应用存在着某些限制因素,如：脑电干扰、测量的低信噪比和其本身对反应效应器的要求等     

Cortisol changes interact with the effects of a cognitive behavioural psychological preparation for surgery on 12-month outcomes for surgical heart patients

Previous studies offer contradictory evidence regarding the effects of cortisol changes on health outcomes for surgical heart patients. Increased cortisol and inflammation have been related to psychological stress while separate studies have found an inverse relation between cortisol and inflammation. Psychological preparations for surgery can reduce stress and improve outcomes and may interact with cortisol changes. Following from these relationships, we hypothesised that a preparation for surgery will interact with changes in cortisol to affect outcomes. Measures were the SF 36 General Health and Activities, medical visits and satisfaction. Eighty-five patients were randomly assigned to standard care plus a psychological preparation or standard care alone using a single-blind methodology. Data on psychological and biological functioning were collected at admission, 1 day prior and 5 days post-surgery, and 12-months after hospital discharge. General health and activities, and medical visits were related to the interaction of cortisol change and psychological preparation in support of the hypothesis. Patients were more satisfied in the preparation group than controls. Based on these findings, some outcomes from psychological preparations may be affected by changes in levels of cortisol. These results caution against a one-size-fits-all approach to psychological preparations.     

初中数学优差生注意转换中的线索和准备效应

选取34名初中数学优差生为被试,采用任务转换实验考察其注意转换中的线索效应和准备效应.结果表明:一般转换代价出现了线索效应和准备效应,特定转换代价仅出现了线索效应,优生比差生更善于利用线索和准备间距提高任务转换成绩.     

经验合作教学对教师教学准备影响的实验研究

本研究以"经验合作教学"的校本教师培训的新思路为依据,以经验合作教学的操作性方案为干预手段,运用教育实验法考察经验合作教学计划对教师教学准备的影响。研究表明:(1)《教师教学准备评价问卷》的信、效度均达到心理测量学要求,可以作为评价教师教学准备的工具;(2)经验合作教学对教师的教学准备具有积极促进作用;(3)经验合作教学对不同教龄、性别、职称教师教学准备的影响不同。     

双向偏见引发冲突情境下自我归类对民族社会化觉察的影响——来自景颇族、傣族和汉族初中生的证据

采用情境实验法和故事补全任务,考察双向偏见引发冲突情境下的自我归类对景颇族、傣族与汉族初中生的民族社会化觉察的影响。结果表明,作为冲突事件的当事者,景颇族学生和傣族学生觉察到的促进和睦、文化社会化及促使不信任等民族社会化信息存在差异;景颇族、傣族和汉族学生的自我归类存在差异;自我归类对促进和睦、文化社会化与报告权威等信息的觉察的影响亦存在民族差异。在双向偏见冲突情境下,三族学生的自我归类与民族社会化觉察有一定关系:无论是做当事者/内群体归类、旁观者/外群体归类,还是做调解者/群际归类,被试对促进和睦的觉察均最多。偏见准备主要与当事者归类有关,而进行调解者归类的被试更容易觉察到"报告权威"。     

Preparing for Deployment: Examining Family- and Individual-Level Factors

Deployment can be a significant source of stress for military families. Understanding how families prepare in the face of such stress, and which families are more versus less likely to prepare, is a priority of the Department of Defense. However, there has been scant research on how families prepare for deployments and the factors associated with engagement in preparation activities. The current study is a cross-sectional examination of the proportion of households engaging in deployment preparation activities and family-level and individual-level factors that are associated with these activities in a large and representative sample of married, deployable service members and their families from all military services and components (n = 1,621). Overall, results showed that families reported high rates of engaging in preparation activities, with particularly strong engagement in financial and legal preparation tasks. Talking about deployment to prepare a spouse or child was also relatively highly endorsed but not as frequently cited compared to other logistical preparation activities. Older spouses, officers, active component families, and those with higher marital satisfaction reported greater participation in preparation activities. Families with greater socioemotional difficulties, as indexed by child emotional problems or greater depressive symptoms in the service member or spouse, as well as those with lower spouse-reported marital satisfaction, were more likely to seek professional help. Evaluating the effectiveness of programs in reaching the families that may be least likely to prepare, as well as examining the longitudinal association between deployment preparation and postdeployment family adjustment, is an important area for further inquiry.     

Preparing fingers within and between hands: Examining the maximal preparation benefit in older age

Previous research has demonstrated an age-related deficit in the preparation of finger responses. A key question is whether the age-related deficit reflects differences in speed of preparation or differences in the maximal preparation benefit that can be attained given sufficiently long preparation intervals. The present study examined this issue by asking a group of younger and older adults to perform the finger-cueing task with four, relatively long, preparation intervals that varied randomly across trials. Reaction time results demonstrated that older adults were deficient in preparing two fingers on two hands at the two shortest preparation intervals, but not at the two longest ones. This outcome suggests that, with randomised preparation intervals, older adults require more time than younger adults to achieve the maximal level of between-hands preparation.     

Time for action versus action in time: time estimation differs between motor preparation and execution

Theories relating to time perception and motor performance predict very different temporal distortions depending on the synchronisation or succession of temporal processing and motor behaviour. However, our knowledge about the temporal difference between motor preparation and execution is still scarce. In order to expand on prior studies, two different time reproduction tasks were utilised to measure motor preparation and motor execution. We found that motor preparation of a planned action allows participants to complete the time reproduction task more accurately and, in short duration trials, less variably than for motor execution. Furthermore, under-reproduction was found in motor preparation compared to motor execution, which may be caused by increased temporal information processing. According to the attentional gate theory, more attention allocated to time processing and reduced motor distraction leads to less temporal distortion in the motor preparation. The findings are also important for designing to study consciousness, temporal and visual processing.     

中国优秀运动员6项心理技能研究

本研究采用标准化《运动心理技能问卷》并结合其它测试数据,对151名中国优秀运动员作了研究,结果表明:1.中国优秀运动员已初步掌握了焦虑控制(AX)、集中注意力(CC)、提高自信心(CF)、提高动机水平(MV)和加强集体意识(TM)的心理技能,他们在自信心和集体意识方面表现非常突出,而在心理准备(MP)方面则表现欠缺;2.除运动动机方面外,中国优秀运动页未表现出心理技能的差异性;3.运动等级(技术水平)不同,运动员的心理技能有差别;4.根据中国优秀运动员心理技能可以把他们分成4种类型,它们是心理技能发展水平较低的心理准备型和自信心型;心理技能发展水平较高的自信心——集体意识型和自信心——集中注意力型。     

Does limiting pre-movement time during practice eliminate the benefit of practicing while expecting to teach?

Past research has revealed practicing and studying a motor skill with the expectation of teaching it to another person increases the amount of time participants spend preparing for movement during practice trials of the skill. However, it is unknown whether the increased motor preparation time explains the benefit of expecting to teach on motor learning. To address this question, we had participants practice golf putting with the expectation of teaching the skill to another participant the following day or the expectation of being tested on the skill the following day. We limited the motor preparation time for half of the participants who expected to teach and half of the participants who expected to test, and allowed the remaining participants to take as much motor preparation time as they liked. All participants were tested on their putting the next day. We predicted that participants who expected to teach would exhibit superior posttest performance, but this benefit would be exclusive to those participants who also practiced with unlimited motor preparation. Although the current data did not support this hypothesis, we also conducted an exploratory analysis in which we aggregated data from two prior experiments. This cumulative analysis suggested that expecting to teach does indeed enhance motor learning, but not through motor preparation during practice.     

准备状态对反应抑制的影响

从事件因素和时间因素两个方面探讨了准备状态对反应抑制的影响。事件准备可降低反应模式的不确定性 ,而时间准备则与降低反应时间的不确定性有关。线索、反应概率以及刺激呈现时间等因素不仅导致反应时间出现变化 ,还可引起反应力、心跳间期以及LRP和CNV等脑电指标发生变化。传统的反应抑制研究以反应时为指标 ,不能揭示反应抑制的内部过程 ,而心理生理学方法能弥补这一缺陷。生理指标与行为指标的结合 ,以及生理指标之间的结合 ,可更有效地探讨准备状态对反应抑制的效应。