大学生友伴选择标准及其友伴关系

从湖南两所大学选取297名大学生为被试,采用定性研究的方法探讨大学生友伴选择的影响因素,并制定友伴选择标准调查问卷,然后再从湖南一所大学选取1166名大学生为被试,采用定量研究的方法对大学生友伴选择标准及其友伴数量、友伴关系质量之间的关系进行调查。结果发现:大学生在友伴选择标准方面可以归为完美型、适度型和低要求型3种类型;不同类型在性别、年级、专业上的分布存在显著差异;适度型大学生的友伴数量显著多于完美型;完美型、适度型大学生在与友伴的帮助与支持、与友伴的冲突方面显著多于低要求型,完美型在与友伴的冲突强度上也显著大于低要求型。     

友伴对青少年吸烟和饮酒行为的影响

本研究从北京市几所中小学选取小六、初二和高一学生1040名来探讨友伴对青少年吸烟饮酒行为的影响。研究采用无记名问卷测查的形式,先让被试提名一个最要好友伴和九个一般友伴,再回答自己曾经是否吸烟饮酒和吸烟饮酒的程度。分析时,只对在被试范围内的友伴进行统计。结果发现,无论男女和年级,被提名的友伴中,吸烟饮酒的友伴人数有较大差别;男生友伴中吸烟饮酒的友伴明显超过女生;高年级学生友伴中吸烟饮酒的友伴明显多于低年级学生;友伴的吸烟饮酒行为和吸烟饮酒程度对青少年的吸烟饮酒行为有明显影响;友伴中吸烟饮酒的人数多少也与青少年吸烟饮酒行为有直接的关系;但单双向友伴关系对青少年的吸烟饮酒行为无明显影响。     

不同年级青少年的友伴网络结构

选择小六、初二和高一学生共１０４０名作被试,采用十项友伴提名法,要求被试至多提名１０个友伴,通过网络分析,从友伴提名数、友伴选择的双向性两个方面探讨不同年级学生友伴网络结构,结果显示,青少年平均拥有６～７个友伴,在这些友伴关系中,单向选择占明显的优势。性别、年级和学习成绩之间的交互作用以及父母受教育水平和家庭结构之间的交互作用（包括两两之间的交互作用）除个别外,均不明显;性别、年级和学习成绩的主效应较明显,而父母受教育水平和家庭结构的主效应却不明显。     

青少年最亲密同性友伴的相似性

选取１０４０名北京市小六、初二和高一学生,探讨青少年与最亲密同性友伴的相似性,及性别组合、年级组合和单双向选择对最亲密同性友伴相似性的影响。要求被试提名一个与自己同校的最亲密友伴,并完成一份包括１７个方面的问卷。最后得到４２７对最亲密同性友伴。最亲密同性友伴的相似性超过非友伴。最亲密同性友伴在逃学或离家出走、吸烟饮酒等行为方面最相似,在参与活动方面的相似性次之,家庭社会经济地位、遵从友伴、学习与教育期望的相似性最低。性别组合、年级组合对最亲密同性友伴某些方面的相似性有明显影响,而单双向选择对最亲密同性友伴的相似性无明显影响。     

友伴网络结构与中学生的吸烟行为

运用社会网络理论和分析技术考察友伴网络结构与中学生吸烟行为的关系。被试选自北京两所中学1091名初一至高三学生,要求他们最多提名10名友伴,并报告自己及其友伴的吸烟行为。然后,使用NEGOPY社会网络分析软件对中学生的友伴网络结构进行分析。研究结果表明,中学生的友伴网络结构存在团体成员、团体联系者和孤立者三种类型,团体成员所占比例超过团体联系者和孤立者,但随年级升高,团体成员有下降趋势。此外,团体成员的吸烟率显著低于孤立者和团体联系者,即使排除性别、年龄和学校类型的影响后,友伴网络结构与中学生的吸烟行为仍然有非常明显的关系。     

西方友伴研究的新视角

友伴关系及友伴互动是儿童社会性发展研究的重要主题，在西方倍受重视。近年来，该领域岛研究们大胆创新，开辟了一些新视角，开始注意从性别角色、情感、发展性和跨化等角度去对友伴进行研究。本拟就这些新视角及其相关成果作一概述，供作进一步研究的参考。     

聋校低年级学生班级友伴网络建构及其特点研究— 一项两年的追踪研究

本文采用调查法与社会网络分析法对聋校三年级聋生在班级群体中的友伴网络进行2年的追踪研究,以探索友伴网络的建构及其动态发展特征。结果表明：①三年级初期,聋生在友伴网络的个体中心度与个体的外貌、成绩与年龄等个人特征有显著相关;但随年级升高,这种相关性逐渐消失。②聋生友伴网络中存在一个十分稳定的中心小团体,其团体成员在整个网络中处于中心地位。③聋生在班级群体中的互选朋友关系呈现出中等程度的稳定性。     

现代少年友伴群体的探索

少年期作为人生社会化过程中的关键期之一，无疑成为人的社会化问题探讨的一个重点。由于在少年的人际关系中，友伴关系占有特殊重要的地位。因此，对于现代少年友伴群体的建立和发展是一个值得探讨的问题。     

感知的和实际的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为的影响

选取北京市一所普通中学和一所重点中学初一至高三的学生为被试,采取自由参与研究和被试自我报告、被试报告友伴、友伴自我报告吸烟行为的方式,从认知发展理论的角度出发,探讨感知的与实际的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为的影响。结果验证了认知发展理论,即感知的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为具有明显的影响作用,而实际的友伴吸烟行为没有明显的影响作用。研究还发现,性别和友伴关系类型对感知的与实际的友伴吸烟行为之间的差异存在明显的主效应;友伴自我报告的吸烟行为超过被试自我报告的吸烟行为。讨论揭示了研究结果对预防和干预青少年吸烟行为的意义。     

友伴关系与中学生的吸烟行为

友伴关系与中学生吸烟行为有非常直接的关系,然而,对此进行的研究却很少.社会网络结构分析技术的提出使研究者可以同时从友伴相互接纳和友伴地位两个角度对这一问题展开研究.从北京市1所普通中学和1所重点中学选取1091名初一至高三的学生为被试,运用NEGOPY软件包对中学生的友伴关系进行分析,结果发现,友伴相互接纳和友伴地位与中学生的吸烟行为都有显著的关系,为今后对中学生的吸烟行为进行预防和干预提供了非常重要的依据.     

Differential Susceptibility Effects: The Interaction of Negative Emotionality and Sibling Relationship Quality on Childhood Internalizing Problems and Social Skills

Whereas socialization influences in early childhood have been linked to children's emerging internalizing problems and prosocial behavior, relatively few studies have examined how NE might moderate such associations in both advantageous and maladaptive ways. Furthermore, more research is needed to evaluate the impact of sibling relationships as an influential socialization influence on these child outcomes. In the current study we examined how NE might differentially moderate the associations between quality of relationships with siblings and both internalizing problems and social skills at school entry. NE moderated the effects of positive and destructive sibling relationship quality on child internalizing problems. Specifically, for boys high on NE, more positive sibling relationship quality predicted fewer internalizing problems, but more destructive sibling conflict predicted more internalizing problems. NE also moderated the effects of destructive sibling conflict on child social skills. For boys high on NE, destructive sibling conflict predicted fewer social skills. Boys high on NE appear to show greater susceptibility to the effects of sibling socialization on child outcomes, relative to boys low on NE. The implications of these interactions are discussed with respect to differential susceptibility theory.     

父母心理控制对流动儿童道德推脱的影响:学校道德氛围感知的中介作用和性别的调节作用

以345名12～17岁初中阶段流动儿童为被试,采用问卷法考察学校道德氛围感知在流动儿童父母心理控制与道德推脱关系中的中介作用,以及性别的调节作用。结果表明:(1)父母心理控制正向预测流动儿童道德推脱;(2)学校道德氛围感知在父母心理控制和流动儿童道德推脱之间起到部分中介作用。(3)性别在父母心理控制与学校道德氛围感知间起调节作用,性别调节了中介模型的前半路径,具体而言,与男孩相较,女孩的学校道德氛围感知受到父母心理控制的影响作用更加显著。     

Gender segregation in childhood: a test of the interaction style theory.

The authors investigated the play/interaction-style theory of gender segregation with a sample of 39 children aged 2 to 5 years (primarily Caucasian). According to this theory, children prefer playmates with styles of play or interaction that are similar to their own. Because such styles are sex differentiated, same-sex playmate preference (i.e., gender segregation) results. The authors observed children during free play to determine preferred playmates and gender segregation level, and they used teacher ratings to derive play/interaction-style scores. The authors used a multiple regression approach to path analysis to analyze effects of sex of participant, participants' play/interaction-style scores, playmates' play/interaction-style scores, and degree of gender segregation to determine their effects on one another. The authors observed significant levels of gender segregation, with highly aggressive or active children displaying less segregation than their peers did. However, gender segregation was not associated with a preference for playmates with similar play or interaction styles.     

Sibling dilution hypothesis: a regression surface analysis.

This study examined relationships between sibship size (the number of children in a family), birth order, and measures of academic performance, academic self-concept, and educational aspirations at different levels of family educational resources. As part of a national longitudinal study of Australian secondary school students data were collected from 2,530 boys and 2,450 girls in Years 9 and 10. Regression surfaces were constructed from models that included terms to account for linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. Analysis suggests the general propositions (a) family educational resources have significant associations with children's school-related outcomes at different levels of sibling variables, the relationships for girls being curvilinear, and (b) sibling variables continue to have small significant associations with affective and cognitive outcomes, after taking into account variations in family educational resources. That is, the investigation provides only partial support for the sibling dilution hypothesis.     

父亲教养态度与儿童在4～7岁间的问题行为和学校适应

对54名儿童在4岁和7岁时的问题行为及其父亲的教养态度进行追踪研究,在儿童7岁时,根据教师报告考察其学校适应情况。结果发现：父亲的过分关心能显著预测男孩的外显和内隐问题行为;父亲的拒绝和控制能显著预测儿童在学校中的助人行为;从4岁到7岁．父亲的教养态度既有稳定性,又有一定的变化;父亲对待男孩和女孩的教养态度差异显著。     

Gender and Sex-Role Influences on Children''s Self-Esteem

This study examined direct and moderating influences of gender and sex-role orientations on children's general self-esteem. Moderating influences of these variables on the prediction of self-esteem were examined with respect to two sets of competence beliefs regarding school achievement: perceived capacities and perceived strategies for doing well in school. One hundred nineteen fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children were assessed using the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1982), the Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control (Connell, 1985), and the Children's Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Hall & Halberstadt, 1980). Correlational and hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that upper elementary schoolchildren's general self-esteem is (a) marginally related to biological gender, with boys showing a slight advantage; (b) significantly related to masculinity and androgyny; and (c) predicted more strongly by perceived capacities to do schoolwork in girls than in boys, and by perceived (lack of) strategies for academic success in nontraditionally sex-typed children than in traditionally sex-typed children. Of the two nontraditionally sex-typed groups, androgynous children were found to have more positive school competence beliefs than were undifferentiated children.     

Differential associations between maternal and paternal parenting and physical and relational aggression

A large number of studies have demonstrated that negative parenting is associated with greater levels of aggression (relational and physical) among school‐age children in Western cultures. However, the investigation of this association for children in non‐Western cultures is still in its infancy. The present study examines the associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviours (conflict with the child, physical aggression toward the child and relational aggression toward the child) and forms of aggression, and explores gender differences in these associations among Japanese boys and girls. The participants were 130 fifth and sixth graders (age range: 10 to 12). Children reported maternal and paternal parenting behaviours, and classroom teachers assessed children's relational and physical aggression. Results show that boys and girls had more conflict, more relationally aggressive parenting experiences and more intimate relationships with their mothers than their fathers. Further, after controlling for grade and gender, greater maternal (but not paternal) relational aggression was associated with more peer‐oriented relational aggression for boys only and more peer‐oriented physical aggression for boys and girls. Greater paternal (but not maternal) conflict was predictive of more peer‐oriented physical aggression for boys and girls. The direction and strength of the associations between parenting behaviours and forms of aggression may be contingent upon the gender of the parent and the child. The findings are discussed from cultural, developmental and social perspectives, and implications for future research are discussed.     

Bullying among siblings: The role of personality and relational variables

This study aimed to investigate: (1) the influence of gender, sibling age, and sibling gender on sibling bullying and victimization; (2) the links between personality characteristics, quality of the sibling relationship, and sibling bullying/victimization; (3) the association between sibling and school bullying/victimization, and the direct and indirect associations between personality variables and school bullying/victimization. The sample comprised 195 children (98 boys and 97 girls, aged 10–12 years). Instruments included: a self‐report questionnaire for bullying and victimization, the Big Five Questionnaire for Children and the Sibling Inventory of Behaviour. Results highlighted that the presence of an older brother is a risk factor for the emergence of sibling victimization. For both boys and girls, high levels of conflict in the dyad and low levels of empathy were significantly related to sibling bullying and sibling victimization. For males, energy was associated with sibling bullying and indirectly to school bullying; friendliness and high emotional instability were directly associated with school bullying. School victimization was directly associated with emotional instability for both males and females. Finally, both sibling bullying and sibling victimization were associated with bullying and victimization at school. The discussion highlights the role of a multi‐contextual approach to understand and prevent bullying.     

小学儿童分享的发展及反馈信息的促进效应

研究以独裁者博弈任务为载体,考查了小学儿童分享行为的发展趋势,并探讨了不同来源的正向反馈信息对于儿童分享行为的促进效应。研究随机选取了小学二、四、六年级的学生共386名,每个年级的三个实验组在自然分享条件后分别接受来自权威、同伴和自我的正向反馈信息,继而完成后续任务。结果表明:(1)在自然分享情况下,六年级儿童的分享数量显著多于二、四年级儿童的分享数量;随着年级升高,儿童从倾向于利己分享逐渐转为以平分为主;(2)来自同伴和权威的正向反馈可以提高二、四年级儿童的分享数量;自我评价的正向反馈明显提高四、六年级儿童的分享数量。结论:小学儿童的分享数量和进行平分的人数比例都随年级升高而增加,来自同伴、权威和自我的正向反馈分别适用于特定年龄阶段儿童的分享行为促进。     

小学儿童尊重行为与人格、班级环境的关系

以356名北京市两所小学三、四、五年级的小学儿童为被试,采用自编的小学儿童尊重行为问卷、国内修订的学生人格五因素问卷和班级环境问卷,考察小学儿童尊重行为的特点,并探讨人格和班级环境对尊重行为的影响.结果发现:(1)小学儿童的总体尊重行为和其中的理解欣赏具有显著的性别差异和城郊差异;(2)尊重行为与人格各维度具有显著的相关,与班级环境中除了竞争气氛之外的其他四个维度都有显著相关;(3)人格的宜人性、谨慎性、情绪性和开放性以及班级环境中的同学关系能够显著预测尊重行为,人格和班级环境的不同维度对于尊重行为不同维度具有不同的预测力;(4)小学儿童的班级环境可以归为三种类型:积极型、一般型和问题型,不同类型的班级环境在尊重行为上具有显著差异.