王阳明思想“最后定见”辨证——兼论“四句教”与“致良知”之间的思想关系

正关于王阳明思想的形成与变化发展,钱绪山、王龙溪和黄梨洲有不同的概括与说明。这些不同的概括与说明不仅揭示了阳明思想形成发展过程中的复杂性,同时也呈现了人们对阳明思想形成发展过程的差异化理解。面对阳明思想变化发展的复杂性,以及绪山、龙溪和梨洲等人的差异化论述,阳明思想的最后阶段,即阳明思想的"最后定见"无疑是最需要考察的问题。就相关论述来看,如何正确理解和定位龙溪《滁阳会语》中"逮居越以后"一段文字可谓是此问题的关键。而无论是就阳明的思想实际,还     

退溪与阳明:朱熹哲学的不同走向

陈荣捷先生曾从儒学的整体发展上把理学看作一大模式,认为从广义上可以把朱熹也看作心学,从朱熹到王阳明,亦是理学的发展进程。退溪学对理学的发展不仅是继承朱子,亦可以说是以阳明心学的传播及对阳明心学的批判为中介。退溪学与阳明学大约处于同时代,面对朱子学在明初以后向着心性道德之学发展的形势,及提出的理论课题,他们从不同方向上发展了朱子的心性之学(或可从广义上称为心学)。阳明学走了体用合一之路,他以“一性”消解心、物对立,将外物移至心中,以期杜绝士大夫外事物以求理的“口耳之学”;而退溪学走了体用重整之路,他分析理、气,心、性,心、理之不同,在“心统性情”的基础上主“性情理气分发”说,侧重理、气在性中及情中的分别。退溪的“四端七情”说是坚持朱子的以“理”为本体的路线,而对朱子心性学的发展,也是对宋明理学乃至东亚儒学发展的贡献。     

钱绪山语录辑逸与校注

前　言钱德洪 (1 4 96— 1 574) ,本名宽 ,字德洪 ,后以字行 ,改字洪甫 ,号绪山 ,学者称绪山先生 ,浙江余姚人。绪山与王龙溪 (名畿 ,字汝中 ,号龙溪 ,1 4 98— 1 583)同为阳明门下高弟 ,阳明归越后来学者甚众 ,阳明命先见绪山与龙溪 ,称教授师。绪山在阳明身后则与龙溪一道成为浙中王学的领袖人物 ,时人称“浙有钱王 ,江有何黄”。① 而在中晚明王门学者风行全国的大规模讲学活动中 ,绪山也经常与龙溪轮流主盟一方。另外 ,对于阳明文献的整理 ,绪山更是居功甚伟 ,今本阳明《文录》、《传习录》、《年谱》均出自绪山之手。② 如此看来 ,对于…     

朝鲜时代阳明学辨斥史的序幕：以退溪辨斥为主北大核心CSSCISSCI

李退溪是朝鲜李朝的著名朱子学者,被称为"朝鲜的朱子"、"东方百世之士"。他是严正而系统地辨斥阳明学的第一个朱子学者,拉开了朝鲜时代阳明学辨斥史的序幕。本文首先分析《传习录论辩》中的"至善"论辩和"知行合一"论辩,检讨李退溪辨斥阳明学的具体内容。然后采用"庄敬本体"和"悦乐本体"的图式,说明李退溪排斥阳明学的原因。退溪认为,根据朱子学,可以实现他所想的为圣之学,故反对阳明违背朱子的格物说而建立"心即理"。尤其是,退溪以庄敬心体反对阳明的悦乐心体以为放荡,"类禅"。这样,阳明学被退溪学激烈批判,在韩国迟迟不振,几乎没有机会给韩国儒学添加悦乐本体的传统。     

明末儒学的发展

据王阳明的门人王龙溪说,关于阳明晚年提倡的致良知说,当时已有归寂说、修证说、已发说、现成说、体用说和终始说这六种学说。对于以上各学说,龙溪都简明地论述了其特质(《王龙溪全集卷一·语录·抚州拟岘台会语》)。但是概括起来,可以把王门分为如下三派,即;现成派、归寂派和修证派。现成派是左派,归寂派是右派,修证派是正     

皮锡瑞之易学观

皮锡瑞相信伏羲画卦,同意司马迁等人以文王重卦的观点,认为卦、爻辞都是孔子所作,并以“十翼”中的一些篇目出自孔子.皮氏论《周易》的作者和成书时代彰显了他对“汉学“的尊崇,体现了他崇经尊孔观念.由于他有着今文经学的立场,所以其对易学各派的评论也多受先人为主的经学观念的影响.皮锡瑞对王弼义理易学表示推崇,然而他并不忽视象数之学.他从易学史的高度论述了清代易家之易学.在具体的治《易》方法上,皮氏有继承,也有创新.他推崇焦循以“假借说《易》”,还主张以汉碑证《易》.     

“良知即是易”——试论王阳明的易学思想

王阳明没有专门的易学著作,在语录和著述中提到《易》的地方也不多见,但是从阳明的人生经历中,却可以发现《易》对阳明良知思想的建构有着深刻的影响。他在居夷处困中体悟易理,在人生抉择上实践易理,并提出了"良知即是易"的重要命题。本文通过对阳明论易的梳理,阐明了《易》与阳明致良知之学的内在关联,为深入理解阳明学提供了一个易学的角度。     

在圣贤与凡俗之间：从王阳明到熊十力

讨论阳明心学的当代价值，绕不过熊十力。在熊十力看来，自己的体用论、天人论等便是对阳明良知说的当代价值的揭示。其核心是把良知与“大易”合而观之，让“良知在什么意义上是本体，在什么意义上又不是本体”成为一个核心问题。一方面，良知“即是本体”,即是“大易”,即是“乾”“坤”“相反相成的整体”;另一方面，良知又“不即是本体”,不即是“大易”,而单指“乾心”。在此“裂隙”中，熊十力一方面坚持通过发展生产、建立契约等以满足人类欲望的自下而上的道路，让欲望有了本体论的依据，坚决反对以“孤明”为良知；另一方面，他又强调人类必须同时有自上而下的道路，要求本体的圆满性，从对自己本性的体证中获得一种绝对统一性或必然强制力，以统摄群生。熊十力承继传统，放眼世界，“证会”本心而又不遗知识，以“玄学”的形式会通中西，既指出了阳明学的“量智”的不足，又强调其“性智”的现代意义。在人类存在状态还未发生根本性改变的前提下，熊十力“乾坤互含”及“乾统御坤”的本体论立场、量论以通玄的方法、自由的大方向等，都还是今天建构阳明学当代价值时的不易之论。     

“心为太极”及其对朝鲜性理学心论的影响

“心为太极”是邵雍提出的观点，本由先天易学的象数推出，有天地之心为太极之义，学者可以通过观物、虚静的功夫复见天心。朱子学对此的阐释大为不同，强调心对太极之理的本具，但本心为太极仍然可以成立。此说在朝鲜性理学的主理一派那里成为论心的重要依据，极大地丰富了性理学的心论类型。李退溪依此而强调心之未发唯理，因其所言理具有活动性，故只需用主敬功夫便可以优入圣域。李寒洲则进一步提出“心即理”,但其理不能直接活动，故其功夫既不如退溪直截，也没有阳明学良知呈显的自然之妙。退溪之说于朱子学有所溢出，寒洲之说则仍能合乎朱子之意。     

论邹守益对王阳明“致良知”学说的继承与发展

邹守益继承阳明学说注重心上工夫的特点,援引程朱理学涵养省察工夫论,提出了以“主敬”、“戒慎恐惧”为主要内容的“致良知”工夫论.他认为,要使“良知”这种先验的本然之知转为明觉之知,就必须保持道德主体心灵上的庄敬态度.他以“心学”贯通《大学》之“格物致知”与《中庸》的“戒慎恐惧”,在继承阳明“戒慎恐惧所以致良知”观点的同时又对“戒惧”作了发挥.邹守益对王阳明“致良知”学说的继承与发展不仅表现在持守师说、不偏左右,而且以“主敬”和“戒惧”为主要内容充实了阳明心学的致良知工夫论,被视为王学之真传.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Face aftereffects suggest interdependent processing of expression and sex and of expression and race

Bruce and Young (1986) proposed that functionally different aspects of faces (e.g., sex, identity, and expression) are processed independently. Although interdependent processing of identity and expression and of identity and sex have been demonstrated previously, evidence for interdependent processing of sex and expression is equivocal. Using a visual adaptation paradigm, we show that expression aftereffects can be simultaneously induced in different directions along anger–fear continua for male and female faces (Experiment 1) and for East Asian and Black African faces (Experiment 2). These findings for sex- and race-contingent expression aftereffects suggest that processing of expression is interdependent with processing of sex and race and are therefore problematic for models of face perception that have emphasized independent processing of functionally different aspects of faces. By contrast, our findings are consistent with models of face processing that propose that invariant physical aspects of faces and changeable social cues can be processed interdependently.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.     

Values and beliefs of vegetarians and omnivores

Following the claim by some anthropologists and sociologists that 1 symbolic meaning of meat is a preference for hierarchical domination (C. J. Adams, 1990; N. Fiddes, 1989; D. D. Heisley, 1990; J. Twigg, 1983), the authors compared the values and beliefs of vegetarians and omnivores in 2 studies conducted in New Zealand. They compared the full range of vegetarians and omnivores on right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, human values, and consumption values. The participants tending toward omnivorism differed from those leaning toward veganism and vegetarianism in 2 principal ways: The omnivores (a) were more likely to endorse hierarchical domination and (b) placed less importance on emotional states. Accordingly, the acceptance or rejection of meat co-varied with the acceptance or rejection of the values associated with meat; that finding suggests that individuals consume meat and embrace its symbolism in ways consistent with their self-definitions.