人类为什么会好奇?人际好奇的概念、功能及理论解释

人际好奇是个体对他人的信息产生的好奇,其中包括对他人的生活经历、生活习惯和细节,以及想法、感受、动机产生的好奇。人际好奇受到个体性别、年龄、个体状态、人格和文化价值观等因素的影响,而且人际好奇在人际关系的建立与维持、人格判断、文化学习和维护社会规范等方面有积极影响。人际好奇可以用本能论、信息缺口理论、兴趣?剥夺理论和社会比较理论加以解释。目前对人际好奇研究较少,未来需从毕生发展的角度探索人际好奇,研究网络中的人际好奇现象,进一步完善人际好奇的测量方式,加强基础研究和实证研究,考虑文化因素的影响等。     

个体当前状况对人际好奇的调节作用

人际好奇是指渴望获得新异、未知的关于他人的信息,在人们的社交活动中有着重要的意义。通过一个两人共同完成的赌博任务考察了个体当前状况及性别等因素对人际好奇的调节作用。结果发现：被试当前状况最佳即赢钱最多时,更倾向于去观看对方的结果;在不需付代价就可观看对方结果时,女性被试的人际好奇显著强于男性被试,而在需要付出代价时男女性被试没有显著差异。结论：当个体处于优势地位时,相对于处于劣势的人其人际好奇更强烈;女性比男性的人际好奇更强烈,但在满足人际好奇的过程中却会因需要付出一定代价而减少探究行为。     

组织中个体寻求反馈行为的研究

该文综述了国外对寻求反馈行为的过程模型以及反馈源的探讨, 对寻求反馈的成本和价值感知的一些影响因素进行了讨论。指出了对寻求反馈行为研究的意义和未来的研究方向     

越“八卦”越沉迷:人际好奇与大学生社交网站成瘾倾向的关系

本研究基于“使用与满足”理论和有限自制力理论,探讨人际好奇与大学生社交网站成瘾倾向的关系,并在此基础上建构了一个有调节的中介模型,考察错失恐惧的中介作用和特质自我控制的调节作用。采用方便抽样法对湖北省和河南省各一所综合性大学621名使用微信朋友圈或QQ空间的学生进行问卷调查,结果显示：（1）人际好奇与错失恐惧、社交网站成瘾倾向显著正相关,与特质自我控制显著负相关;错失恐惧与特质自我控制显著负相关,与社交网站成瘾倾向显著正相关;特质自我控制与社交网站成瘾倾向显著负相关;（2）错失恐惧在人际好奇与大学生社交网站成瘾倾向之间起中介作用,特质自我控制调节该中介路径的后半段。具体而言,相对于高特质自我控制的大学生,间接效应对于低特质自我控制的大学生更加显著。本研究结果揭示了人际好奇对大学生社交网站成瘾倾向的影响及其作用机制,对大学生社交网站成瘾的干预具有一定的指导意义。     

反馈寻求行为的影响因素和本土化发展

反馈寻求行为是指个体积极主动地向上级或其他个体寻求与自身绩效、角色定位和工作目标等相关的反馈信息。研究者系统的梳理了反馈寻求行为的概念界定、测量方式、影响因素及实施效果,强化了中国本土文化的权变作用。未来研究应继续完善反馈寻求行为的概念,开发符合时代特征的测量工具,拓展研究层次,并结合中国特殊的组织情境,对反馈寻求行为做进一步探讨。     

好奇影响灵感产生的现象与机制:认知与情绪双加工路径

当前我国经济正在从要素驱动,投资驱动转向创新驱动, 如何促进和持续创新的问题引起了学界和企业的广泛关注.现有研究发现好奇和灵感是创新的重要阶段, 灵感具有独立的心理结构和不同的过程, 又受到意识情绪的影响.研究拟从灵感产生的认知和情绪的双加工视角出发, 深入揭示灵感产生现象的本质特点和规律, 阐明好奇影响灵感的行为和脑机制.研究成果不仅可为创新的理论发展提供崭新视角,也可为企业员工和创业者创新能力的培养提供参考.     

授权型领导对员工反馈寻求行为的影响机制：领导差异化授权两阶段的调节作用

从员工直接感知的角度编制领导差异化授权问卷,并通过构建两阶段有调节的中介模型探讨了授权型领导对反馈寻求行为的影响机制与领导差异化授权在其中的调节作用。对388份问卷数据分析后发现：（1）授权型领导正向预测员工的领导认同与反馈寻求行为;（2）领导认同在授权型领导与反馈寻求行为中起中介作用;（3）领导差异化授权调节授权型领导通过领导认同对反馈寻求行为的中介作用,即调节了中介过程的第一段（授权型领导−领导认同）与第二段（领导认同−反馈寻求行为）。研究结果揭示了授权型领导影响反馈寻求行为的中介与调节效应,可为管理实践中促进反馈寻求行为提供科学参考。     

个体反馈寻求的基础和模式

目标定向作为未来时间洞察力的主要内容,其反馈寻求的结构已引起人格心理学家的重视。感知到的代价和价值构成了反馈寻求的基础,而反馈寻求的频率、方法、类型、时机、来源和征兆等构成了个体反馈寻求的主体成分。对这些成分的探讨有助于我们理解反馈寻求与目标获得之间的关系。     

组织中信息寻求的动机及其影响因素

组织中反馈的缺乏和新员工面临的不确定性使得主动的信息寻求成为员工获取相关信息的重要机制。人们的信息寻求行为可能受到获取有用信息的工具性动机、自我保护动机和印象管理动机的驱动, 这三种动机分别受到一系列个体特征和情景因素的影响。探索多种动机的平衡、虚拟情境下信息寻求的动机、管理者反馈寻求的动机, 以及信息寻求动机与信息有效性之间的关系等应是未来的研究方向。     

组织中的个体反馈寻求行为

作为提高员工管理效能的重要手段,对个体反馈寻求行为（feedback-seeking behavior）的管理引起了越来越多研究者与管理者的重视。文章回顾了反馈寻求行为研究的相关文献,就反馈寻求行为研究的内容,反馈寻求行为过程,反馈寻求行为与相关因素的关系进行了论述,最后指出了研究存在的主要问题并进行了展望。     

人类对知识的好奇:认识性好奇心

认识性好奇心是个体对新知识的好奇,可从状态和特质角度理解,其中特质认识性好奇心又区分为兴趣型和剥夺型两种类型。近年来众多证据表明,认识性好奇心受知道感、性别、对信息的偏好模式等因素影响,并在学习、记忆及创造性方面起到积极作用。未来研究有必要着眼于毕生发展的角度进行纵向考察,完善其测量方式,并深入考察认识性好奇心对学习的影响机制,从而为教育实践提供一定启示。     

Why so curious? Validation and cross‐cultural investigation of the Hindi Epistemic Curiosity Scale

Epistemic curiosity (EC) is the motive and need to seek knowledge. The present work entails validation of the English EC Scale translated into the Hindi language. Study 1 comprised confirmatory factor analysis of the Hindi scale using a sample of 223 bilingual Indians (143 females). The 10‐item two‐factor structure with Interest and Deprivation subscales was validated for the Hindi EC Scale. Convergent and discriminant validity was established, and model fits were assessed separately for males and females, along with measurement invariance testing. In Study 2, linguistic invariance testing and cross‐cultural comparisons were undertaken for a sample of 151 Indians (93 females) and 219 Americans (179 females) for the EC scales, to assess similarities in the underlying factor structure. Indians did not differ from Americans in their responses to the English EC Scale, but slight differences were observed for the Hindi EC Scale, suggesting an interplay of language and culture. Further, independent t tests compared the two samples on measures of curiosity, gossip, personality, and affect. Americans had a higher tendency toward interpersonal curiosity and agreeableness whereas Indians scored higher on intellect. Cross‐cultural and linguistic differences as well as future work are presented. In sum, the Hindi EC Scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can facilitate further translations into other Indian languages.     

Escaping the Dark Side of Curiosity

Curiosity as a clinical entity has been a neglected subject in the psychoanalytic literature. Freud never addressed the issue of curiosity systematically. His interest was in trying to account for children's sexual questioning. Nevertheless, hinderance to internal curiosity—this is to say, that which intimidates and abates the appetite for an exploration of one's motives—is part and parcel of psychoanalytic inquiry. And, arguably, there is no greater clinical challenge for the analyst than trying to treat an analysand who appears to lack an interest in the underlying causes of his unhappiness. The problem of impeded self-inquiry is usually exacerbated in people with more serious emotional disturbances. My position here is that in studying the conditions that mitigate against curiosity in a seriously disturbed patient, we gain access to an enlarged version of the curiosity problems of our less disturbed patients. Here I interpret my clinical impressions about problems with curiosity with ideas from the writings of Martin Buber and Albert Camus.     

幼儿好奇心结构教师评价模型验证性因子分析

在参考已有文献和进行开放式问卷调查的基础上,编制幼儿好奇心教师评定问卷,并以此问卷调查了929名幼儿,运用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析方法探讨幼儿好奇心结构教师评价模型,结果表明,教师评价幼儿好奇心时存在一个由好问、喜欢摆弄、敏感、关注未知、探索持久、好奇体验以及反应性和探究的主动性等因子构成的三阶结构。     

Curiosity as an Agent of Conscience

Public outcry against social outrages in our nation in the past few years have called for solutions that suggest that we as a nation believe that by strengthening the observational and punishing components of the superego of the American Psyche we can successfully overthrow our moral failings. By using data in regard to Adolph Eichman and other Nazis as clinical examples, it is suggested that the problem of our moral failings resides not in a deficient superego (a refluent moral agent) but in the insufficient development of conscience (a reflective consciousness). The roles that curiosity and impeded curiosity take in the development of morality are shown to be central to an understanding of how conscience differs from superego.     

Influencing prior knowledge through a short reading impacts curiosity and learning

Curiosity predicts memory performance and it is influenced by prior knowledge. Reading a well-organized text can increase curiosity in a classroom setting, however it is not clear if reading a short text written in an encyclopedic style can increase curiosity and learning without explicit educational goals. We presented participants with a short text and examined if questions related to this reading could elicit higher curiosity ratings and better recall in a thematized version of the trivia task. In the first experiment, participants subjectively judged their prior knowledge of trivia questions. The curiosity of the participants was not influenced by the reading, but the memory effect of curiosity was amplified for the questions related to it. In the second experiment, we objectively verified whether the participants knew the answers. The curiosity ratings were higher for the questions related to the reading, but only the curiosity ratings influenced recall performance. These results show that prior knowledge induced by reading can have an effect on curiosity and learning, but it depends on how this knowledge is assessed by the learner.     

Questions about questions: New views on an old prejudice

The belief that good analysts do not ask, and do not answer, questions is a still-living strange recommendation, transmitted throughout psychoanalytic generations. The authors have extensively reviewed electronic databases and technical texts. They found that interrogative acts are largely omitted from technical considerations, generating a prejudice that does not consider questions as proper psychoanalytic tools, and they discuss possible foundations for this belief. The authors believe that the few authors that have touched on this issue have done so in a non-systematic and frequently incomplete form. Linguistic philosophy presents questions as speech acts : actions that are able to alter the equilibrium of dialogical discourses. This view permits psychoanalysts to understand the potentiality of questions to introduce psychic change because they can, simultaneously, interfere in the self, in the other and in the intersubjective relationship. An internal state of curiosity is described as a component of the mind of the analyst. Based on the argument of the ubiquity of the state of curiosity of the analyst, the authors carried out a set of technical propositions, regarding, on the one hand, when questions are not to be introduced (for instance, in the presence of free associations) and, on the other hand, when they would be useful as expanding factors of the preconscious-conscious system. Considering psychoanalyses as experiences of curiosity, they emphasize that both the internal state of curiosity of the analyst, and the eventual verbal questions put to the patient are potentially positive factors for psychic change. The authors present several clinical vignettes.     

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Curiosity and Creativity

Curiosity, the desire to know, may be associated with creativity, which involves generating ideas that are novel and valuable. This meta-analytic investigation consolidated the results of studies of the association between curiosity and creativity. Across 10 studies, which included 2,692 individuals, there was a significant association between more curiosity and greater creativity (weighted effect size r = .41, 95% CI [.27, .54], p = .0001). For studies examining the association of the exploration dimension of curiosity with creativity, the weighted effect size was r = .48, 95% CI [.09, .74], while for studies examining the deprivation sensitivity dimension of curiosity with creativity the weighted effect size was r = .20, 95% CI [.10, .29]. The association of self-report measures of curiosity with self-reports of creativity was r = .52, 95% CI [.40, .62], while the association of self-report measures of curiosity with rated creativity was r = .16, 95% CI [.10, .22]. These meta-analytic results are congruent with some theoretical assumptions regarding curiosity and creativity and can be a foundation for efforts to facilitate creativity.     

幼儿好奇心结构的探索性因素分析

幼儿好奇心结构的研究是幼儿好奇心发展研究的基础。根据已有的研究文献和对教师的开放式问卷调查,编制了幼儿好奇心发展教师问卷,对3-5岁幼儿的教师进行问卷调查,在此基础上进行探索性因素分析,结果表明,幼儿好奇心主要由敏感、观察、兴趣、探索、提问、解决问题、幻想、专注等8个因素构成。     

母亲教养方式及其相关因素同幼儿好奇心关系的研究

研究以217名幼儿园儿童及其母亲为研究对象,以《母亲教养方式问卷》和自编《3—6岁儿童好奇心教师评定问卷》为工具,探讨了母亲教养方式及其相关因素与幼儿好奇心之间的关系。结果表明,不一致的母亲教养方式对幼儿好奇心有不利影响,放任的母亲教养方式下幼儿探索持久性较差;母亲受教育程度和生育年龄对幼儿好奇心的间接效应存在,但不显著。