MicroRNA调控膀胱癌演进的研究现状及展望

微小核糖核酸（mieroRNA,miRNA）在转录后水平对基因的表达进行调控。miRNA在膀胱癌的演进过程中发挥着类似于癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。目前研究表明,对miRNA的调控可为临床膀胱癌的诊治提供一个新的靶点,提高膀胱癌患者的远期生存率和生活质量。本文将就miRNA的形成、作用机理及其对膀胱癌发生、发展的影响等方面作一综述,介绍miRNA在膀胱癌演进过程中的研究进展。     

膀胱癌中相关LncRNA研究进展

膀胱癌是泌尿系统中常见的恶性肿瘤,具有易复发和转移的生物学特点。长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)是长度≥200个核苷酸的非蛋白编码转录子。多数LncRNA在肿瘤组织中显示致癌基因的作用,通过影响肿瘤细胞的增生、迁移、浸润和转移促进肿瘤的发生发展,其中部分LncRNA已成为特定肿瘤的诊断及预后标志物。本文简要介绍LncRNA的现状,并讨论了膀胱癌核心途径中涉及的异常LncRNA,以及LncRNA在膀胱癌中的应用及其诊断和研究进展。     

负链RNA病毒反基因操作技术发展之启示

1　反基因操作技术的来源和概念病毒具有体积小和基因组编码能力有限等特点 ,使得对许多病毒在分子水平上的认识达到了对细胞生物目前所不能达到的深度。在DNA病毒、正链RNA病毒和负链RNA病毒中 ,对于DNA病毒进行的基因操作困难最小 ,因此最先开始进行。使用编码病毒基因组的质粒转染细胞 ,亦或通过对携带病毒基因组序列的质粒之间进行异源重组来得以实现。而对RNA病毒进行基因操作却困难得多 ,一度陷入停滞不前的状态 ,直到一种新的分子生物学研究方法———反基因操作技术的出现和发展才得以解决。所谓反基因操作技术是指将病毒RN…     

肝癌基因治疗的发展趋势及其思考

1　肝癌基因治疗的策略按作用机制的不同 ,肝癌的基因治疗可分为反义基因治疗、抗癌基因治疗、免疫基因治疗及药物基因治疗。1 1　肝癌的反义基因治疗反义基因治疗 ,就是利用反义核酸与其靶基因或基因产物互补形成一种特殊的“基因封条”结构 ,从而在转录或翻译水平阻断某些异常基因的表达 ,使细胞正常分化或促进细胞凋亡 ,以达到治疗肿瘤的目的。反义核酸所针对的靶点可以是在肿瘤发生中起关键作用的一种或几种癌基因、失活的抗癌基因、自分泌生长因子及其受体基因等。反义核酸可连接到特定的载体上 (如逆转录病毒、质粒等 ) ,或人工合成后…     

编码与提取干扰对内隐和外显记忆的非对称性影响

以往研究表明在外显记忆中,编码与提取加工存在着非对称性,但在内隐记忆中,二者的关系并不明确,因此实验采用“学习-再认”范式,考察在编码或提取中分别附加的干扰任务对词汇判断或再认产生的影响。结果证实编码与提取干扰对内隐或外显记忆都具有非对称性的影响,但又存在着差异,即编码干扰会导致随后外显记忆成绩显著减少,而提取干扰对其影响较小,相反,编码干扰对随后内隐测验中启动效应的影响较小,但提取干扰会破坏启动效应,从而为内隐记忆和外显记忆的分离提供了进一步的证据     

微小RNA-92a在相关疾病发病机制中的研究进展

miRNA-92a家族基因是由miRNA-25、miRNA-92a~1和miRNA-92a~2等序列相似、结构相仿、种子区序列相同的微小RNA组成,它们分别来自在进化过程中高度保守并互为旁系同源序列的miRNA-106b~25、miRNA-17~92和miRNA-106a~363基因簇。目前研究认为,miRNA-92a家族基因是一组与血管内皮细胞形成有关的miRNAs,其表达紊乱与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文就miRNA-92a家族基因在相关疾病发病机制中的研究进展进行综述。     

环状RNA在肿瘤中的研究进展

环状RNA(Circular RNA,CircRNA)属于非编码RNA的一种(no coding RNA,ncRNA),具有保守性、稳定性、组织和空间特异性。CircRNA在肿瘤的发生发展中具有重要的调节作用,参与调节基因表达、肿瘤形成、增殖、转移等过程,对肿瘤的诊断具有一定的潜在临床应用价值,但其功能至今尚不明确。近年来,CircRNA已成为肿瘤学领域的研究热点,阐明CircRNA在肿瘤发生发展中的机制具有重要意义。本文就CircRNA的生物学行为及其在肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。     

内隐与外显记忆的编码与提取非对称性关系

实验采用“学习-测验”范式, 考察在编码或提取中分别附加的干扰任务对内隐测验或外显测验中获得的ERP新旧效应产生的影响。结果表明, 在内隐测验中, 编码干扰对随后测验中的ERP新旧效应没有产生影响, 而提取干扰却改变了300~500ms新旧效应的脑区位置, 破坏了500~700ms新旧效应; 与之相反, 在外显测验中, 编码干扰破坏了500~700ms新旧效应, 而提取干扰对这一效应没有产生影响, 即编码与提取干扰对内隐或外显测验中的ERP新旧效应都产生了非对称性的影响, 但又存在着差异, 从而为两种记忆在编码与提取加工的关系上存在的分离现象提供了神经生理方面的证据。     

中医大处方中西汇通思考

中医大处方合理思路:一是在辨证论治基础上对症加减化裁治疗;二是治疗某一疾病非对立证型的两个或几个方剂的有机组合,治疗同一疾病不同证型的这几个方剂对其病的指标都有改善作用,有机组合后产生协同叠加作用.     

论创新的道德支持

创新和道德之间 ,在时空维度、坐标或取向、社会作用及其属性等多方面的矛盾中 ,又有深刻的统一 ;从传统历史到现实 ,非创新的文化氛围依然严重存在。需要从微观和宏观、意识和无意识的互补互动中 ,建立创新的道德支持机制。     

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Regulation Following Lesions of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Previous reports indicate that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion, suggesting a role for this region in central hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) stress regulation. To evaluate this hypothesis, this study assessed the impact of CeA lesion on the response of hypophysiotrophic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons to acute restraint and chronic unpredictable stress exposure. In contrast to previous reports, CeA lesions did not affect corticosterone or ACTH secretion induced by acute stress. Acute restraint increased PVN corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression, increased the number of parvocellular PVN neurons expressing the co-secretagogue arginine vasopressin (AVP), and induced cFOS mRNA expression in the parvocellular PVN. However, there was no additional effect of CeA lesion on any measure of PVN activation. Chronic unpredictable stress exposure induced long-term activation of the HPA axis, noted by thymic involution, adrenal hypertrophy and increased PVN CRH mRNA expression. Stress-induced changes in thymus and adrenal weights were not affected by CeA lesion. Further, CeA lesion rats did not differ from controls in post-stress CRH mRNA expression. However, basal CRH mRNA expression was increased in the PVN of CeA rats, suggesting that the CeA plays a role in long-term inhibition of the PVN. The results of these studies are not consistent with the hypothesis that the CeA is necessary for stress-induced pituitary-adrenocortical activation. Rather, this region may play a stressor-specific modulatory role in regulation of HPA function.     

血液病治疗中的人文关怀

新医学模式指出人文关怀在医疗服务中有重要意义。目前我们在血液病治疗中对人文关怀重视不够。由于大部分血液系统疾病起病隐匿,发病机制不清,病程长,并发症多,所以预后差,再加上治疗费用高,社会角色转变困难,很容易使患者产生焦虑、抵触、恐惧、多疑、抑郁等心理问题,并影响和谐医患关系的建立。人文关怀有助于缓解患者的心理问题,促进良好医患关系的建立,加速疾病的恢复,提高患者的生存质量。     

RNAi的曲折经历与发展

RNAi是当今分子生物学研究领域内最引人注目的技术之一.已经在植物、线虫、果蝇、锥虫甚至哺乳动物细胞中发现RNAi现象. RNAi同时也是体内抵御病毒入侵、抵抗外在感染和抑制转座子活动的一种重要保护机制.通过介绍RNAi 技术富有传奇色彩的诞生和发展过程以及它对分子生物学乃至整个生命科学界产生的巨大作用,认识到RNAi是多学科联合发展的结果.我们应该加强各学科之间的整合.     

论人类个体原始DNA保存的价值

DNA的遗传和变异是人类延续和进化的本源;在外界环境影响下,DNA遗传、突变与人类疾病的产生具有密切的关系;因此人类个体原始DNA资料对于研究疾病的发展进程和日后的个性化诊疗具有不可替代的作用,将其作为健康档案保存对于国家和个人都具有特殊的价值。     

Psychological risk factors in cardiovascular diseases

Recent research has shown that psychological risk factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The so-called ‘coronary prone behaviour pattern’ predominates, an important part of which is the ‘Type A behaviour pattern’. This is characterized by a marked ambition, a constant feeling of being under pressure, due to latent aggression and to a striving to dominate. For cerebrovascular diseases the so-called ‘pressured pattern’ as a risk factor has been found to be typical which is comparable to the Type A behaviour. Psychological risk factors and their components are not equally important for different vascular diseases. Besides the explanation of the question as to how far psychological processes really are involved in the development of vascular diseases, the research on psychological risk factors serves as a foundation for psychosomatic theories.     

Motor functions of the basal ganglia

Summary A study of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease can provide an indication of the motor functions of the basal ganglia. Basal-ganglia diseases affect voluntary movement and can cause involuntary movement. Deficits are often manifested during the coordination of fine multi-joint movements (e. g., handwriting). The disturbances of motor control (e.g. akinesia, bradykinesia) caused by basal-ganglia disorders are illustrated. Data suggest that the basal ganglia play an important role in the automatic execution of serially ordered complex movements.     

Role of Glucocorticoids on Rat Brain Metallothionein-I and -III Response to Stress

The metallothionein (MT) gene family consists of four members (MT-I through -IV) that are tightly regulated during development. Whereas MT-I and MT-II are widely expressed isoforms, MT-III has been found to be mainly expressed in the central nervous system in adult animals, and is the only isoform that inhibits survival and neurite formation of cortical neurons in vitro. A number of models of brain injury have been shown to affect MT-III mRNA levels, which has been suggested to be related to the putative neurotrophic role of this protein. However, a stress response will presumably be associated to the brain injury which could, in turn, drive MT-III regulation. In the present report the effect of a classical stress model, immobilization stress, on brain MT regulation has been studied in rats. MT-I+II protein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in up to eight brain areas and, as expected, it was found that stress increased selectively MT-I+II levels. Adrenalectomy (ADX) had a general decreasing effect on basal MT-I+II levels; however, ADX blunted the MT-I+II response to stress in cerebellum and presumably in frontal cortex and medulla plus pons but not in the hypothalamus. MT-I mRNA measurements were in accordance with the MT-I+II protein levels in the brain areas studied. In contrast to MT-I mRNA, MT-III mRNA levels of brain cortex tended to decrease during stress, although this effect was not statistically significant. ADX also tended to decrease basal MT-III mRNA levels. Northern blot assays of pooled mRNAs suggested similar differential regulation of these two brain MT isoforms in the cerebellum. These results indicate that glucocorticoids mediate brain MT-I+II response to stress in some but not all brain areas, that a role of these hormones is likely also for MT-III, and that the regulation of MT isoforms differs substantially in the brain.     

试论心身疾病的中医病机

心身疾病是指那些心理一社会因素在疾病的发生和发展中起重要作用的躯体疾病。其概念决定了心身疾病不具有专业领域性,不同心身疾病有着不同的病理变化。发掘其病理共性、找寻规律性,对该学科发展的标准化方向至关重要。该文从中医基本病机层次,探讨了心身疾病的发生、发展与变化的机理,试图对科研与临床操作提供有益思路。     

宫腔镜诊治宫腔内疾病的价值

宫腔镜技术在诊断和治疗宫腔内疾病方面已经有着不可替代的地位。对比过去的B超以及诊刮,宫腔镜加诊刮是诊断宫腔内疾病的金指标。宫腔镜电切手术也是宫腔粘连、子宫畸形的最佳手术方式。临床医生应有系统的观点,以循证医学模式为指导,充分尊重患者的意愿,个性化地将这项技术应用于患者。