我为什么要信耶稣

喜欢看《拯救大兵瑞恩》的都知道,影片中一个叫约翰·弥勒的陆军上尉,奉命在1944年诺曼底登陆后寻找一个特殊的士兵——詹姆士F．瑞恩。他必须把这个士兵送还给他的母亲。弥勒上尉和他的搜寻小组找到了瑞恩,但为了保护一座战略要桥,他们不得不与敌人展开激战。后来,弥勒上尉受了致命伤,在生命的最后时刻,他把手伸向大兵瑞恩,深情地说：“不要辜负大家!不要辜负大家!”     

信念是座坚不可摧的城

正东汉时期,在古丝绸之路上的疏勒城,曾演绎了一段惊心动魄而又催人泪下的动人故事。岳飞笔下的"壮士饥餐胡虏肉,笑谈渴饮匈奴血"、王维诗里的"誓令疏勒出飞泉"都来源于此处,也有人说这是东汉版的"拯救大兵瑞恩"。公元75年3月,北匈奴单于派出两万骑兵,快速攻下已经归顺东汉王朝的车师国后,进而攻打戊己校尉耿恭驻守的金蒲城,而此时城内只有几百士兵。匈奴来势汹汹,而且兵力悬殊。     

从《等待》到《自由生活》——论哈金长篇小说中“中国人”形象的流变

哈金以"中国故事"为题材创作了多部长篇小说,这些作品中有一个明显的转折,即从以"文革"前后的中国大陆为背景,变化到以在美国的华人移民生活为背景。除了这一明显的时空上的流变之外,故事所塑造的"中国人"形象也发生了明显的变化。以《等待》和《自由生活》两部小说为例,可以看到哈金通过讲述"中国故事",探讨了更具普遍性的精神困境问题,同时也与他自己的创作历程息息相关。     

学会宽恕

曾经看到这样一则故事:某日,吉伯和马沙这两位朋友结伴旅行。途经一山谷,马沙不慎失足,吉伯眼疾手快,伸手拼命拉他,将他救起。马沙遂在一石头上刻下某年某月某日,吉伯救马沙一命。二人继续前行,来到一河边,吉伯与马沙因小事争吵,吉伯怒不可遏,打了马沙一耳光,马沙很是委曲,跑到沙滩上写下:某年某月某日,吉伯打了马沙一耳光。后来,有人知晓此事,好奇地问马沙为什么要把吉伯救他的事刻在石头上,将吉伯打他的事写在沙上?马沙的回答甚是巧妙:“我永远都会感激吉伯救我,至于他打我的事,我会随着沙滩上的字迹的消失而忘得一干二净。”掩卷沉思,心潮起伏。它留给人的是太多、太     

道德杂谈二则

道德杂谈二则杨树森使廉──爱子之爱法孩子是父母的命根子。普天之下,无有不爱其子女者。然而,其爱法则大有讲究。《世说新语》上有个陶母退鱼的故事。陶侃青少年时代做桥头捕鱼单位的管理员（鱼梁吏）期间,叫人送了一堆鱼干给母亲。陶母原封不动退回,并公开修书一封...     

天恩溯笔——《旧约》导读(续)

第七章达味王国有关达味王室的故事分布于《旧约》中的《撒慕尔纪》上·下，《列王纪》上·下，和《编年纪》上·下诸书之中。达味王国是将《旧约》和《新约》接入一种持续不断的救恩史脉络中的一个历史环节。这便是《新约》开篇所指，《玛窦福音》第一章回溯了天主通过从...     

从缺席的美国到祛魅的美国——论1980年代后国产电影里的美国形象

<正>20世纪80年代早期,国产电影(以大陆为主)里并不直接出现"美国形象",而常以从美国归来的华裔作为美国形象的象征,如《庐山恋》、《牧马人》等影片,这种现象可以表述为"缺席的美国";到20世纪90年代初,缺席的"美国形象"则通过想移民到以美国为代表的西方国家去的中国人来体现,如《大撒把》等。"缺席的美国"象征着一种与民族主义或爱国主义相对立的他者诱惑,一种背离高尚精神的物质享受,美国形象是一种被主观建构的想象。从90年代末开始,国产电影开始出现直接的美国形象,以中国人在美国的生活建构美国形象,美国逐渐地不再     

思维流动无边界

美国的《幼儿画报》上有一篇叫作《三个猎人》的故事,故事说：     

王贞仪:登上外国杂志的清代女子

正"于书无所不窥,于学无所不闻",这是世人对清代女学霸王贞仪由衷的肯定。她入选美国畅销书《勇往直前:50位杰出女科学家改变世界的故事》,被世界上最权威的科学学术期刊《自然》称为"为科学发展奠定基础的女性科学家"。但让人折服的是,除了拥有世界级顶尖科学家的身份之外,她还是一位才华横溢的诗人。1768年,王贞仪出生于一     

两位古人的道德坚守

正中国人历来奉行"多一事不如少一事"的原则,所以,如果身边有人倒霉了,大家都立即躲得远远的,生怕受到连累或沾上晦气。但并不是所有的人都这样,总有那么一些人,在别人有难的时候,敢于挺身而出、不离不弃、出手相助,表现出了难得的道德坚守和勇气。《三国志》中记载了两个人物,一个叫是仪,一个叫吴范,他们就是这样的典范。是仪是北海营陵人,很有文采,因此受到了孙权的赏识,被孙权召到手下任职。有一年,典校郎吕壹诬告原江夏太守刁     

论民族道德与政治道德

民族道德与社会政治道德具有不可分割的关系。一般说来,民族道德易受制于政治道德,而民族道德又会反作用于政治道德,同时,民族道德与政治道德作为一种有联系的精神实体,又会在相互影响、相互作用的过程中协调发展。     

论民族道德与宗教道德

民族和宗教虽然没有必然联系,但二者之间却又联系得非常密切。这看起来很矛盾,却是事实。脱离开民族实体去看待宗教是不对的;完全从民族的角度去看待宗教亦是不对的。就民族道德与宗教道德的相互关系而言,民族道德与宗教道德不仅相互联系,也相互作用;就民族道德与宗教道德各自的特点而言,民族道德重在自律,宗教道德重在他律。     

论民族道德与国家道德

在民族国家特别是多民族国家中,如何看待并处理好民族道德与国家道德的关系,是一个事关民族利益和国家利益的大问题。从民族道德与国家道德的关系看,民族道德统一于国家道德,民族利己主义是为国家道德所不容的,民族道德与国家道德的最高原则是无产阶级国际主义。必须用前瞻性的战略眼光来看待并认识这一问题,因为它事关民族与国家的长远利益,对构建和谐民族、和谐国家、和谐社会均具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

Morality

ABSTRACT— Moral psychology is a rapidly growing field with two principle lineages. The main line began with Jean Piaget and includes developmental psychologists who have studied the acquisition of moral concepts and reasoning. The alternative line began in the 1990s with a new synthesis of evolutionary, neurological, and social-psychological research in which the central phenomena are moral emotions and intuitions. In this essay, I show how both of these lines have been shaped by an older debate between two 19th century narratives about modernity: one celebrating the liberation of individuals, the other mourning the loss of community and moral authority. I suggest that both lines of moral psychology have limited themselves to the moral domain prescribed by the liberation narrative, and so one future step for moral psychology should be to study alternative moral perspectives, particularly religious and politically conservative ones in which morality is, in part, about protecting groups, institutions, and souls.     

Zone Morality

Traditional moral theory usually has either of two emphases: virtuous moral character or principles for distributing duties or goods. “Zone morality” introduces a third: families and businesses are systems created by the causal reciprocities of their members. These relations embody the duties and permissions of a system's moral code. Core systems satisfy basic interests and needs; we move easily among them, hardly noticing that moral demands vary from system to system. Moral conflicts arise because of discord within or among systems but also because morality has three competing sites: personal attitudes and practices (benevolence or hostility), the moral codes of systems, and regulative principles that enhance social cohesion. A strong church or central government reduces conflict by imposing its rules. A democracy responds by encouraging persons and systems to participate in forums where claims are made; it promises fairness by requiring that all satisfy its legal procedures.     

Abolishing Morality

Moral anti-realism comes in two forms – noncognitivism and the error theory. The noncognitivist says that when we make moral judgments we aren’t even trying to state moral facts. The error theorist says that when we make moral judgments we are making statements about what is objectively good, bad, right, or wrong but, since there are no moral facts, our moral judgments are uniformly false. This development of moral anti-realism was first seriously defended by John Mackie. In this paper I explore a dispute among moral error theorists about how to deal with false moral judgments. The advice of the moral abolitionist is to stop making moral judgments, but the contrary advice of the moral fictionalist is to retain moral language and moral thinking. After clarifying the choice that arises for the moral error theorist, I argue that moral abolitionism has much to recommend it. I discuss Mackie’s defense of moral fictionalism as well as a recent version of the same position offered by Daniel Nolan, Greg Restall, and Caroline West. Then I second some remarks Ian Hinckfuss made in his defense of moral abolitionism and his criticism of “the moral society.” One of the worst things about moral fictionalism is that it undermines our epistemology by promoting a culture of deception. To deal with this problem Richard Joyce offers a “non-assertive” version of moral fictionalism as perhaps the last option for an error theorist who hopes to avoid moral abolitionism. I discuss some of the problems facing that form of moral fictionalism, offer some further reasons for adopting moral abolitionism in our personal lives, and conclude with reasons for thinking that abolishing morality may be an essential step in achieving the goals well-meaning moralists and moral fictionalists have always cherished.

Everyday Morality

This essay explores the nexus between Buddhist discourse, moral reasoning, and aspects of indigenous ethnopsychology in a Shan community in northern Thailand. I suggest that these three strands of thought are routinely braided together in intricate ways and, furthermore, that some version of this conceptual arrangement is necessary in order for any moral thinking to take place. That is, all moral thought entails some conception of the way the world is structured (a conception that may or may not be based on religion) and some ethnotheory of human nature, both of which are culturally mediated. Finally, I discuss the implications of this view for our understanding of human agency and autonomy.