从水陆法会看地藏菩萨信仰的中国化

<正>一、地藏菩萨信仰的建立与发展地藏菩萨文化产生于印度，但地藏菩萨在印度并未受到普遍的崇奉，因此，在印度并未形成真正意义的地藏菩萨信仰。公元4世纪末，如今可知的第一部出现地藏菩萨名号的汉译佛典《佛说罗摩伽经》传入中土，自此地藏菩萨法门中的经典、仪轨与文献系统开始在中国建立。     

十斋日补说

对十斋日的来源及地藏菩萨十斋日,法国学者苏远鸣与中国学者张总、王承文等已进行了卓有成效的研究,但他们于佛教对十斋日的具体接受过程还缺乏深入的考察。本文就此提出补说。认为:佛教徒对十斋日的态度经过了由拒斥到吸收的过程;在统治者推行十斋日,以及民众修习实践的压力下,十斋日在盛唐、至少是中唐时期已进入佛教经典,至少在中唐时期已被信奉者归之于佛教;佛教徒对十斋日的改造使其反而取代了道教十斋日,在民众信仰生活中占据了主导地位;而目前将敦煌遗书中的十斋日统称为《地藏菩萨十斋日》是不恰当的,后者乃《地藏菩萨本愿经》吸收十斋日所产生的结果,而它的称谓,似也应以写本中用得较多的《地藏菩萨经十斋日》为准。     

地藏信仰与金地藏研究述评

地藏信仰与金地藏研究述评聂士全地藏菩萨在佛教诸大菩萨信仰中占有极为重要的地位。有称地藏信仰可追溯到远古农耕社会的地神崇拜，佛教创立以后，则把地神崇拜归于对地藏菩萨的信仰。在中国，随着地藏诸经典的翻译，地藏信仰渐渐为中国人所接受并向民间广泛地渗透普及。...     

浅析敦煌新样文殊造像产生的渊源

文殊菩萨是大乘佛教中的首席菩萨,主司智慧。自文殊信仰伴随佛教从印度传入中国以来,文殊造像在中国产生并经历了一段旺盛的成长时期,到晚唐至五代时期,出现了一种新的文殊造像组合形式——新样文殊。对新样文殊的判断标准和产生渊源进行分析和探讨,可以发现,新样文殊的粉本应始于敦煌本地,故其产生渊源依旧是敦煌旧样文殊变中形象的转化。     

漫说地藏菩萨对九华山民俗文化的影响

一、地藏菩萨与金地藏 九华山是中国佛教四大名山之一,是地藏王菩萨的道场。地藏菩萨,是佛教中非常重要的一位大菩。     

地藏信仰与现代文明

九华山是佛教中四大菩萨之一地藏菩萨的道场，也是全世界地藏信仰者的精神圣地。自上世纪80年代开始，随着中国对外开放的全面进行以及全球经济一体化步伐的加快，九华山出现了历史上罕见的朝山热潮。一批批来自世界各国各地区的信众们来到这里，他们虔诚地匍匍于地藏菩萨的脚下，在菩萨慈光的摄受下，领悟人生的真谛，调整自己的人生位置，这不能不是一个奇特的宗教现象。为了更好地弘扬地藏文化，让地藏信仰真正深入到我们的社会生活中来，我们有必要对这一奇特的宗教现象作一番重新的认识。     

论北周时期的民间佛教组织及其造像

北周时期的民间佛教信仰十分盛行.通过对遗存的造像记分析,当时以邑和邑义为名称的民闻佛教造像组织十分发达,其内部构成反映了当时社会的阶层结构,规模也与地域性基层村社有关.这些组织主要以造像为目的,兼顾修建寺院、建义井、栽树等.从造像题材看,北周民众的信奉对象以释迦最多,其次是观世音,与北齐民众信仰有明显不同,反映了二者文化和地域性的差异.     

以造像记为对象的北朝佛教本土化考察

造像记是反映北朝佛教传播和发展的第一手资料,本文即以北朝造像记为对象,从其所涉及的福报内容和对象出发,考察了北朝佛教对中国本土神灵信仰和儒学伦理观念的接受,以及其中所包含的佛教与王权的关系。     

从天上到人间:敦煌艺术中的弥勒信仰

正在敦煌石窟艺术中,关于弥勒信仰的造像和壁画很多。仅就经变画而言,便保存有《弥勒经变》多达98幅,同时还有大量的弥勒菩萨或弥勒佛塑像。这些壁画和造像,反映了自北朝至唐、五代、宋时期敦煌地区的弥勒信仰情况。一约在公元二、三世纪,印度和中亚地区已出现弥勒菩萨和弥勒佛的造像。随着佛教东渐,弥勒造像传入中国,到四、五世纪,弥勒造像十分盛行。敦煌地处丝路咽喉,佛教传入首当其冲,弥勒造像自然滞形于此,在北凉、北魏、北周等洞窟中所塑甚多。这与北朝盛行坐禅、求弥勒决疑的风尚有很大关系。     

菩萨信仰研究的拓展与深入——评《四大菩萨与民间信仰》

由李利安等人撰写的《四大菩萨与民间信仰》系山东大学路遥教授主编的教育部重大攻关项目"民间信仰与中国社会研究系列"(七卷)中的第四卷.全书近64万字,于2011年12月由上海人民出版社出版.该书将最为人们所熟知的佛教四大菩萨与广大普通民众的信仰结合起来考察,既丰富了学界对精英文化型佛教以外的民众信仰型佛教的研究,也开阔了我们对传统民间信仰的认知思路. 中国佛教的主流是大乘佛教,大乘又称菩萨乘,以上求菩提、下化众生为主旨.因此,菩萨成为中国佛教信众心里神圣又不失人情味的崇拜对象.在众多大菩萨中,最受追捧的是观音、地藏、文殊和普贤,他们分别代表大悲、大愿、大智和大行.特别是随着四大名山的形成,朝拜菩萨道场的信仰模式成为中国佛教信仰形态的重要组成部分和基本特征之一.而民间信仰由于没有经典的捆缚、专职人员的限制和历史包袱的背负,而呈现出轻松活泼、简洁明快、功利通俗等特点,所以在历史的变迁中顽强地生存下来并与正统的儒释道三教产生千丝万缕的关系,特别是佛教,在思想、礼仪、造像等各个方面滋养了民间信仰.而被民间信仰吸收和改造的佛教因子又大部分与四大菩萨有关,由此所形成的信仰形态也成为受众最多、普及面最广、最能激发人们想象力的民间信仰现象.因此,将四大菩萨与民间信仰并列起来考察,有足够的合理性和必要性,表现出作者宏阔的学术视野和独具匠心的选题思路.     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.