毛泽东的中国现代化方案:马克思主义的还是民粹主义的?——从毛泽东与梁漱溟的分歧看

本文从中国现代化的性质界定、中国现代化的道路选择和中国现代化的目标设定三个方面对毛泽东和梁漱溟的现代化方案进行比较,认为尽管毛泽东的现代化方案带有民粹主义的外观,但其本质仍然是马克思主义的。     

吉林纪念毛泽东诞辰一百周年理论讨论会概述

吉林纪念毛泽东诞辰一百周年理论讨论会概述张维久,崔秋锁为纪念毛泽东诞辰１００周年,吉林省哲学学会、吉林省委党校、长春市委党校、吉林大学、东北师范大学、长春税务学院等单位联合发起,于１９９３年８月１５日至１７日,在长春举办了题为“毛泽东哲学思想与建设有中国特色社会主义”理论讨论会。有近４０名专家、学者与会,提交论文２０余篇。现将几个主要问题综述如下。一、关于毛泽东哲学,思想的历史地位与会者对这个问题的认识主要有以下几点：（一）毛泽东哲学思想在毛泽东思想的整个体系中占有基础、核心和灵魂的地位。它不仅仅是毛泽东思想的重要组成部分．而且是毛泽东思想得以形成、发展、发挥巨大历史作用的理论前提和方法论基础．它从根本上规定着毛泽东思想的历史地位和历史作用。（二）毛泽东哲学思想在人类思想发展史上的地位,表现在两个方面：一方面,毛泽东哲学思想是对马克思主义哲学的继承、丰富和发展。在把马克思主义哲学运用来解决中国革命和建设问题的过程中,提出了许多独创性的思想和理论,形成了独具特色的毛泽东哲学思想理论体系。另一方面,毛泽东哲学思想是对中国传统哲学中优秀思想成果的继承和发展。中国哲学史上丰富的辩证法和唯物论思想是毛泽东哲学思想形成     

毛泽东的遗产

很少有人给他的时代留下的烙印能与毛泽东相提并论,也没有谁的命运比他更为模糊不清了。毛泽东诞辰一百年周年纪念为我们思考他在历史上的地位提供了一个恰当的时机,当然它并不是什么神奇的试金石,可以让我们从中得出一个权威的论断。从毛泽东经历的实际情况来看,今天我们所了解的比1976年多得多(那一年在《中国季刊》的支持下很快出版了一部探讨毛泽东在各个领域的贡献的书),也比1982年多得多(该年我斗胆提出了自己的评价),但还有很多地方依然是模糊的,他一生的事业所产生的最终影响更是难以确定的。毛泽东的个性既是多面的,又充满了矛盾。他在他的时代扮演了很多角色。一篇简短的论文无法涉及这样一个人物的方方面面。我这里所关注的不是毛泽东这个人,而是他对中国所做的事情,这样,对于他的优点和缺点,无论属于公共领域还是私人品质,只有在它们影响到毛泽东所能成就的事情时,才予以讨论。     

毛泽东的典型思想及其方法论意义

典型思想和典型方法在毛泽东的方法论思想体系中占有十分重要的地位。作为一个本体论范畴,典型必须具备三个相互关联的规定性:特殊性、代表性和超越性。毛泽东的典型思想和典型方法是他的矛盾学说作为基础的。     

毛泽东伦理思想的人民性品格

人民性是毛泽东伦理思想的本质属性和鲜明品格。毛泽东坚持为人民服务的伦理立场,把全心全意为人民服务作为共产党人一切工作的出发点,要求共产党人始终保持与广大人民最密切的联系,把是否合乎最广大人民群众的最大利益作为评价共产党人言行的最高伦理标准;毛泽东主张权力属于人民的政治伦理,人民是政治权力的主体,人民享有充分的政治权利,共产党人应当自觉履行向人民负责的道德担当;毛泽东胸怀为人民谋幸福的道德理想,指出共产党人的革命目标就是为了消除人与人的不平等,给人民以看得见的物质福利,带领全体人民走向共同富裕。毛泽东的人民伦理得到了充分的传承与发展,邓小平坚持人民的伦理主体地位,习近平以人民为中心的发展思想丰富了人民伦理的时代内涵。     

从“精神个人主义”到全心全意为人民服务-论毛泽东人生价值观的演变

毛泽东的人生价值观可分为青年时期和后青年时期两个阶段。青年时期毛泽东基于对个人地位和个人自我价值的充分肯定,强调个人的主观道德修养,并将此称之为“精神的个人主义”。随着毛泽东在党内领导地位的确立,以及中国革命的胜利和社会主义制度确立后的大规模经济建设的展开,毛泽东形成并发展了以“全心全意为人民服务”为核心的中国共产党人的人生价值观。两个不同时期的人生价值观,其中一以贯之的东西是以解决中国向何处去、为绝大多数中国人民谋利益及与之相适应的种种奉献精神为最高的人生价值。     

毛泽东的军事辩证法

霍勒布尼奇(Holubnychy)对毛泽东的哲学辩证法为我们做出了深刻的分析。他发现了毛泽东的两点有目共睹的贡献:“毛泽东对矛盾本质的研究,也是对唯物辩证法的新贡献;而他关于矛盾的差别性和矛盾内部处于不平衡、不势均力敌状态的独特见解,对恩格斯以后的辩证法和中国的辩证法来说,都是特别新颖、别具一格的。”     

毛泽东辩证逻辑浅探

毛泽东辩证逻辑浅探辛志：毛泽东的辩证逻辑有三个显著特点；一、毛泽东的辩证逻辑是注重实际操作的应用逻辑。毛泽东在领导中国革命斗争中，必须而且只能抓住现实斗争中最紧迫的问题，对主要矛盾加以辩证地解释说明；同时，还需要把那些深既丰富的辩证原理、规律和方法，...     

毛泽东的伦理思想特性探析

毛泽东的伦理思想特性探析唐能赋毛泽东的伦理思想,是毛泽东依据马克思主义哲学世界观,对无产阶级和广大人民群众在长期中国革命和建设实践中表现出来的道德行为和道德品质进行概括总结而形成的,结合中国情况、指导社会主义共产主义道德建设的科学理论体系。它以崭新的...     

毛泽东战争方法论研究概述

近年来,毛泽东军事辩证法思想研究的一个特点,就是相当多的同志致力于毛泽东的战争方法论的探讨,并取得了一定的研究成果,现将有关情况概述如下: 一毛泽东战争方法论的产生一种意见认为,毛泽东战争方法论产生于井冈山时期。理由是:在井冈山时期以前,毛泽东已初步掌握并成功地运用了马克思主义分析问题的科学方法,这从《中国社会各阶级的分析》等文章中可得到证实;(2)在井冈山时期,毛泽东在《中国的红色政权为什么能够     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.