逻辑哲学和语言哲学

从哲学研究着重点说,西方哲学的发展经历了三个阶段两次转折:当古希腊哲学家们孜孜探求世界的本原、始基时,他们是在从事一种本体论的研究;而从笛卡尔开始,经由贝克莱、休谟、康德等人,近代哲学发生了认识论转向,它以认识的主体和认识的客体之间的二元对立为出发点,着重探讨了诸如主体是否可能获得关于客体的知识,如何可能获得关于客体的知识等问题。自弗雷格等人开始,现代西方哲学又发生了所谓的“语言学转向”,也就是说,在哲学研究中把语言问题提到了首要地位,甚至把全部哲学问题都归结为逻辑—语言问     

谈宋明理学中的体用一原观

中国哲学中的本体论,从形成到发展,经历了漫长的历史过程,而且具有自己的民族特色,不尽同于西方哲学中本体论的学说。本体论即存在论(Ontology)总是同形上学(Metapaysics)思维联系在一起的。中国哲学中的形上学思维,始于先秦老子。他提出“无名天地之始”,“天下万物生于有,有生于无”的命题,以无形无名的道体为世界的本原。其所谓     

论孔子仁学的实践特性

孔门"问仁"关注的不是"仁"的普遍定义,而是"仁"的表现及实践方法问题。这一点与以苏格拉底、柏拉图为代表的古希腊哲学追求事物普遍定义的特点形成鲜明对比。轴心时期,中西方哲学突破的不同方式造成了这一根本差别:以苏格拉底、柏拉图为代表的古希腊哲学突破更多采取了破旧立新的方式,而中国哲学的突破则采取了温和、渐进、连续的方式。受此影响,古希腊哲学家倾向于用理性怀疑传统,进而追求世界的本原和事物的普遍定义,以期重建伦理规范和价值原则,而中国哲学家则认为传统的伦理规范与价值原则总体而言仍具有自明性与有效性,因此他们更加关注如何将它们在现实中实践出来。这一点不同决定了西方哲学更加注重思辨,而中国哲学更加重视实践。     

从康德到阿佩尔——先验自我还是无限交往共同体

一依据常见,西方哲学的认识论转向只是殆至西方近代才刚刚兴起。但是实际上,早在古希腊人的所谓“宇宙论”哲学中,其宇宙论研究就和认识论研究如影随形地交织在一起,其哲学研究就由于唯知主义的取向而为后来的认识论转向提供了机缘和埋下了深刻的伏笔。因此,素被视为古希腊“本体论之父”的巴门尼德其实亦可谓西方哲学认识论转向理论上的清道夫和先觉者,因为他所提出的“思与在是同一的”这一命题使人们第一次如梦初醒地开始洞烛到思与在的关系问题,为西方哲学从宇宙论探索向认识论探索的不可避免的理论转移拉开了序幕。尔后,无论是柏拉图的…     

简论“水是始基”的哲学意义

自亚里士多德以来,西方哲学家们一致认为古希腊人泰利士(Thales,公元前624—547年)是古希腊哲学的创始人,西方哲学史上第一个哲学家。泰利士之所以被尊为西方哲学的始祖,就是因为他在西方哲学史上提出了第一个哲学命题:“水是始基”。那末,为什么说“水是始基”是一个哲学命题?它的开创意义何在?它是怎样被提出来的?本文试就这些问题作些探讨。     

中国哲学的方法论问题

一　方法论与哲学观哲学的创造总是伴随着新方法的出现 ,因此 ,很多哲学家都很重视方法的问题。但是 ,方法问题并不是一个独立的问题 ,有某种哲学 ,才有某种方法。古代哲学并没有单独的方法论。古希腊的本体论哲学有本体论方法 ,怀疑论哲学有怀疑论的方法 ,即使中世纪的宗教哲学 ,其“本体论证明”的方法 ,也是以本体存在为前提的。西方近代哲学发生“认识论转向”之后 ,主客体的区分已经完全确立 ,如何认识客体的问题突出起来 ,于是才有方法论的出现。现代西方哲学发生“语言学的转向” ,于是 ,便有语言分析的方法。从概念分析到逻辑分析 ,…     

求善与求真:中西哲学的分野

中国哲学和西方哲学,有着不同的文化背景和民族心理,蕴含着不同的特质。试以中国的春秋战国时期哲学与古希腊罗马哲学比较之。 1、就产生原因而言,中国哲学受制于政治需要和伦理修养,哲学家大都是社会活动家、政治家,也是伦理学家;而西方哲学则根源于对自然的探索。哲学家普遍研究过太阳、月亮、地球、闪电等自然物的成因、内在构成以及相互关系等,并进而概括出有     

会通与融合--马克思主义哲学、中国传统哲学与西方哲学的互动

马克思主义哲学、中国传统哲学与西方哲学的会通与融合,正在成为当前中国哲学界关注的热点问题。对此,我谈谈三点看法,抛砖引玉,以就教于方家。一问题的背景从1840年“鸦片战争”以后,中国逐步融入世界,开始启动现代化的进程。在思想界,介绍传播西方思想与哲学成为时尚,首先是达尔文的进化论,进而是培根、笛卡尔以来的近代西方经验主义和理性主义,然后是追本溯源,从古希腊苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德到德国古典哲学家康德、黑格尔等人的整个西方哲学思想经典,在中国都得到介绍与研究。1917年俄国“十月革命”胜利以后,马克思主义哲学作为…     

如何把握思想的脉络:一种哲学拓扑学的视角

欧阳康教授主编的《当代美英哲学与哲学家研究丛书》的出版,为国内的当代美英哲学研究工作打开了新的局面,也为我们研究当代西方哲学提供了一种新的视角。众所周知,20世纪70年代以来,西方哲学发生了一场“静悄悄的革命”。这种转变或革命主要表现在,如今的西方哲学正在化解上世纪初以来逐渐形成的欧洲大陆的现象学传统与英语国家的分析传统这两大哲学阵营之间的对立,哲学家们试图从古代和近代哲学中寻找自己的思想根源,而不是紧随当代哲学的话语展开思想的讨论。我把这种变化称作“返朴归真”。这里的“朴”就是古希腊以来的西方哲学传统,这…     

与信息本体论相关的若干重大问题的讨论

本体论是关于普遍性存在的哲学。在西方哲学史上存在三条本体论研究的路径,我们不应当用其中某一条研究路径去排斥或否定其他研究路径。本体论包括本原论,但不能归结为本原论,因为,要确定世界的本原,必须以判明有哪些存在领域为前提,所以,存在领域的分割方式才是哲学的最高范式。在西方哲学史上,唯物主义和客观唯心主义哲学都具有自然哲学的性质,自然哲学也有其本体论的层次,唯物主义的本体论学说也经历了一个不断自我超越的发展历程。在解决存在领域划分的问题时,语言逻辑分析的方法具有很大的局限性,我们还有必要在逻辑结论和现实世界的可能领域之间进行对应性分析。信息和载体(信息和物质)具有内在融合、相互生成和相互规定的不可分离的统一性关系。     

Original ontological roots of Ancient Chinese philosophy

This is a new attempt at an analysis of classical Chinese (Confucian) ethics which is still inappropriately explained by Western philosophy as a traditional normative ethical system. Special conditions of ancient Chinese anthropogeny and social and economic development gave rise in this cultural region to an original theory of being, which in modern terminology can be referred to as an ontological model of a fundamental Yin‐Yang dialectic of a bipolar and non‐homogeneous synergy of being. This theory of being became a cornerstone for the whole complex of ancient Chinese philosophy, socio‐anthropology and ethics. Its most leading representatives—several ancient Taoist philosophers as well as the whole ancient Confucian ethical philosophy—proposed an original approach to issues which could be, for the modem world of philosophical research, a very suggestive source of inspiration.     

中国古代儒道思想中的具身认知观

身心合一论是中国古代思想的基本观念。身是以“气”为根基, 并通过“修身-修心”与“修心-修身”可至天人合一的身体。本文选取中国古代思想中最有代表性的儒道两家思想, 融合现象学视角来诠释中国古代儒道思想中的身体观对身体主体性的生动凸显, 以及从“身-心-世界”三者互为交涉的层次上所建构的特有的认知观。随着国内外学者对具身认知观的日益关注, 结合中国古代思想视角开展的具身认知研究可在促进中国心理学发展的同时促进具身认知研究范式的成熟。     

信息哲学与未来中国科技哲学的基础

The research programme of the philosophy of information (PI) proposed in 2002 made it an independent area or discipline in philosophical research. The scientific concept of ‘information’ is formally accepted in philosophical inquiry. Hence a new and tool-driven philosophical discipline of PI with its interdisciplinary nature has been established. Philosophy of information is an ‘orientative’ rather than ‘cognitive’ philosophy. When PI is under consideration in the history of Western philosophy, it can be regarded as a shift of large tradition. There are three large traditions at large, known as Platonic, Kantian and Leibniz-Russellian. In the discussion of the position of the possible worlds, we have modal Platonism and modal realism, but both of the theories are made in the framework of Western philosophy. In this essay, it is argued that possible worlds could be seen as worlds in information, which is then an interpretation of modal information theory (MIT). Our interpretation is made on the basis of Leibniz’s lifelong connection with China, a fact often overlooked by the Western philosophers. Possible world theory was influenced by the Neo-Confucianism flourishing since the Song Dynasty of China, the foundation of which is Yijing. It could be argued that Leibniz’s possible world theory was formulated in respect to the impact of the thoughts reflected in Yijing, in that one of the prominent features is the model-theoretic construction of theories. There are two approaches to theory construction, i.e., axiom-theoretic and model-theoretic. The origin of the former is from ancient Greece and the latter from ancient China. And they determined the different features of theoretic structures between the oriental and occidental traditions of science and technology. The tendency of the future development of science and technology is changing from the axiom-theoretic to the model-theoretic orientation, at least the two approaches being complementary each other. To some extent, this means the retrospective of tradition in the turning point of history, and some of the China’s cultural traditions might become the starting points in formulating the future Chinese philosophy of science and technology.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

The Practicality of Ancient Virtue Ethics: Greece and China

Virtue ethics has been charged with being unable to provide solutions to practical moral issues. In response, the defenders of virtue ethics argue that normative virtue ethics exists. The debate is significant on its own, yet both sides of the controversy approach the issue from the assumption that moral philosophy has to tell us what we should do. In this essay, I would like to examine the question regarding the practicality of virtue ethics in a different way. Virtue ethics is an ancient approach shared by both ancient Greek philosophers and classic Chinese Confucians, and indeed, ancient Greeks call ethics “practical science.” How, then, do the ancients themselves view the issue of practicality? This essay shows that there is a notion of practicality which is prominent in both ancient Greek and ancient Chinese virtue ethics but is neglected in today’s ethics. According to this notion, ethics is to transform one’s life. The essay also raises a prospect of the revival of this notion.     

A Critical Survey of Some Recent Philosophical Research in China

In this paper, I survey some recent literature produced by the established Chinese philosophers who regularly publish in Chinese philosophy journals and work in Mainland China. Specifically, I review the recent research of these philosophers in two areas: Chinese Philosophy and epistemology. In each area, I focus on two topics that have caught the attention of a lot of Chinese philosophers. I argue that the Chinese philosophers’ research on these topics has two prevalent problems: (i) a lot of arguments they make are weak; (ii) they tend not to critically engage with others. I discuss a metaphilosophical objection that weak argumentation and disengagement are not vices of philosophical research. I also try to make sense of (i) and (ii) in terms of some cultural factors.     

Wittgenstein in China

Although Chinese philosophers were somewhat influenced by Wittgenstein before 1949 – the Tractatus was first translated into Chinese in 1927–28 – they tended to see him either as a disciple of Russell or as a member of the Vienna Circle. However, since 1979 (following 30 years in which they were unable to study such Western philosophers), Chinese scholars have done their utmost to catch up with world standards in Wittgenstein scholarship in three overlapping routes – textual reading, contextual interpretation and philosophical application. As China continues its modernisation, there will likely be more substantive interaction between Wittgenstein's thought and Chinese philosophy and culture.     

古代中国人人格结构的因素探析

以古代典籍《史记》为材料,按词汇法构建了具有相当信度和效度的古代中国人人格描述词单,施测于118名专家及研究生,令他们对《史记》中记载的102名古代中国人作评定,经由因素分析获取了以仁为核心,由仁、智、勇、隐4个因素组成的古代中国人人格维度。进而用内容分析的方法验证了该维度的稳定性,并结合中国传统哲学思想,对仁、智、勇、隐4个因素的内涵作了深入的剖析和阐释。     

晏子与古代易学

晏子是春秋时期重要的政治家、思想家,晏子的思想和事迹在中国古代有着重要的影响。易学是中国历代学者解读《周易》而形成的一门学术,易学在中国古代属于显学,在中国古代学术领域有着非常重要的地位。由于晏子在中国古代有着重要的影响,古代一些易学家就会引用晏子的思想和事迹来解读《周易》的文本。晏子在古代易学领域的影响主要体现在三个方面：古代易学领域对晏子事君之道的称许;古代易学著作对晏子和同观的发展;古代易学领域对晏子的节俭观念的评价。深入研究晏子对古代易学的影响,对于理解晏子其人、其事、其思想在中国传统文化中的影响有着积极的价值。     

5-13岁儿童对物种起源认知的发展

本研究采用临床访谈法,采用开放式和封闭式问题情境,测查了5-13岁儿童对物种起源认知的发展。结果显示儿童对物种起源的解释越来越符合科学的解释,这种认知发展过程并不是以一种起源认知替代另一种起源认知的过程,而是多种起源认知以某种方式共存于儿童的认知系统中。本研究结果既显示了儿童对物种起源认知发展的跨文化一致性,也体现了不同文化和宗教环境影响下的差异性。