视觉恐惧加工的神经通路

对危险信号的快速警觉具有生物学意义,研究发现视觉恐惧信号可以经过两条不同的通路传达杏仁核:一条直接的皮层下通路,另一条是间接的视觉皮层通路.最近三年(2004-2006)一批脑成像和电生理研究对此进行了深入探讨.本文以此为基础对两条通路的主要神经结构,神经传递的先后过程以及它们间的关系进行了详细的综述.     

知觉负载和线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响

采用线索范式,以汉语双字词为材料,探讨了不同工作记忆负荷条件下知觉负载、线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响.结果表明:(1)线索位置影响被试对目标的加工,前线索条件下被试对目标的加工更为精细;(2)知觉负载对选择性注意的影响受到工作记忆的调节.高工作记忆负荷条件下,高知觉负载条件下的反应时显著短于低知觉负载条件;而在低工作记忆负荷条件下,不同知觉负载条件下的反应时差异不显著.     

Logics for Qualitative Inductive Generalization

The paper contains a survey of (mainly unpublished) adaptive logics of inductive generalization. These defeasible logics are precise formulations of certain methods. Some attention is also paid to ways of handling background knowledge, introducing mere conjectures, and the research guiding capabilities of the logics.     

Infant's Inductive Generalization of Bodily,Motion, and Sensory Properties to Animals and People

It has been proposed that infants can form global categories such as animate and inanimate objects (Mandler, 2004). The inductive generalization paradigm was used to examine inferences made by infants about the bodily, motion, and sensory capabilities of people and animals. In Experiment 1, 14-month-old infants generalized bodily and sensory properties from dogs to cats and vice-versa. In Experiment 2, 16- and 20-month-olds generalized motion and sensory properties modeled with a person more often to mammals than to vehicles. Findings from Experiment 3 indicated that motion properties are generalized broadly to people and mammals but that by 20 months of age, infants may be beginning to attribute sensory properties preferentially to people more than to animals.     

我国紧急事务管理机制与策略研究

建立符合我国实际情况的现代紧急事务管理机制 ,将对我国政治稳定、社会安定以及政府形象、公共安全、经济建设和社会服务等方面产生深远的影响。本文分析了我国目前在紧急事务管理方面存在的突出问题 ,全方位地探讨和研究了如何建立和完善我国紧急事务管理的机制与策略     

视觉意识及其神经机制

视觉意识的神经机制是当前认知神经科学研究的热点问题之一。过去普遍认为视觉信息加工主要有两条通路:腹侧通路和背侧通路;而新近的研究表明还存在不经过初级视觉皮层(V1区)的第三条通路。高级视觉皮层、V1区和皮层下结构都对意识觉知的产生起到了相应的作用。已有的实验证据表明,意识的产生过程异常复杂,仍有很多问题值得继续深入讨论和研究。     

The Concept of Inductive Probability

The word ‘probability’ in ordinary language has two different senses, here called inductive and physical probability. This paper examines the concept of inductive probability. Attempts to express this concept in other words are shown to be either incorrect or else trivial. In particular, inductive probability is not the same as degree of belief. It is argued that inductive probabilities exist; subjectivist arguments to the contrary are rebutted. Finally, it is argued that inductive probability is an important concept and that it is a mistake to try to replace it with the concept of degree of belief, as is usual today.     

The Possibility of Inductive Moral Argumets

Abstract

Is it possible to have moral knowledge? ‘Moral justification skeptics’ hold it is not, because moral beliefs cannot have the sort of epistemic justification necessary for knowledge. This skeptical stance can be summed up in a single, eat argument, which includes the premise that ‘Inductive arguments from non-moral premises to moral conclusions are not possible.’ Other premises in the argument may rejected, but only at some cost. It would be noteworthy, therefore, if ‘inductive inferentialism’ about morals were show to be at least possible. Some philosophers may suppose that inductive moral argumets from non-moral premises cannot get off the ground, but I show that a perfectly legitimate inductive moral argument exists. This argument has on-moral premises and a moral conclusion, its premises are related to its conclusion in the right way, and it avoids some of the problems of other, better-know argumets from ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’.     

客体运动方向的视觉工作记忆存储方式

采用变化觉察范式,以独立运动的客体为对象,通过两个实验,探讨多个客体的运动方向在视觉工作记忆中的存储机制,即单个对象独立存储,抑或其存储受多个客体构型的影响。实验一和实验二相继考察了非目标客体运动方向变化,以及是否存在非目标客体对觉察目标客体运动方向的影响。结果发现,非目标客体运动方向变化条件下的觉察正确率显著低于不变的条件,然而只呈现目标客体条件下的觉察正确率与同时呈现目标和非目标条件无显著差异。该结果与前人在静态条件下对目标客体的觉察受目标客体和非目标客体整体构型影响的结论不一致。本研究的结果支持多个客体的运动方向信息在工作记忆中是以独立方式存储的假设。     

The Relationship between Multiplicative Classification and Inductive Reasoning

The relation between multiplicative classification and inductive reasoning was investigated with 103 nine-year-old children. By means of regression analysis a significant association was found. The variance accounted for in the Inhelder-Piaget test of multiplicative classification by performance on the Raven measure, was 34 percent. It was expected that the operational component of the Raven test would be restricted to conceptual items. The data did not support this expectation. It was concluded, for the present sample, that there is an overlap between these two domains of mental operations.     

晚发性抑郁的生物学机制

晚发性抑郁是指发病年龄大于60岁的一组抑郁综合征,发病机制至今尚不明确.研究表明,晚发性抑郁的遗传因素不明显,而血管损害则与之密切相关;多数患者伴有明显的执行功能损害,痴呆的发病风险增高.围绕晚发性抑郁的两个基本特征:血管损害与认知障碍做一回顾,初步探讨了晚发性抑郁生物学机制对临床决策的影响,并由此展望了未来的研究方向.     

晚发性抑郁的生物学机制

晚发性抑郁是指发病年龄大于60岁的一组抑郁综合征,发病机制至今尚不明确。研究表明,晚发性抑郁的遗传因素不明显,而血管损害则与之密切相关;多数患者伴有明显的执行功能损害,痴呆的发病风险增高。围绕晚发性抑郁的两个基本特征:血管损害与认知障碍做一回顾,初步探讨了晚发性抑郁生物学机制对临床决策的影响,并由此展望了未来的研究方向。