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1.
实验1和实验2分别探究在低难度和高难度进行中任务条件下是否存在TBPM的练习效应及其人格差异,结果发现无论在何种情况下,实验组的前瞻记忆成绩均显著高于控制组,说明TBPM的练习效应稳定存在;A-B型人格类型与组别交互作用均不显著,说明A型和B型人格在TBPM的练习效应上没有差异;实验组在总的时间监控次数和后期时间监控次数上均高于控制组,时间差均低于控制组,说明练习通过提高时间监控有效性和总的注意投入量来提高前瞻记忆成绩。  相似文献   

2.
实验1和实验2分别探究在低难度和高难度进行中任务条件下是否存在TBPM的练习效应及其人格差异,结果发现无论在何种情况下,实验组的前瞻记忆成绩均显著高于控制组,说明TBPM的练习效应稳定存在;A-B型人格类型与组别交互作用均不显著,说明A型和B型人格在TBPM的练习效应上没有差异;实验组在总的时间监控次数和后期时间监控次数上均高于控制组,时间差均低于控制组,说明练习通过提高时间监控有效性和总的注意投入量来提高前瞻记忆成绩。  相似文献   

3.
时间性前瞻记忆的影响因素及机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
时间性前瞻记忆是指个体记得在未来的某一时间或间隔一段时间以后做某事。与事件性前瞻记忆相比, 时间性前瞻记忆需要更多自我启动的注意资源, 并主要受到任务重要性、年龄、进行中任务的性质、时间间隔等因素的影响。时间性前瞻记忆主要与额叶有关, 对于其内部认知机制解释的理论模型主要有测试-等待-测试-退出模型以及注意阀门模型。但是时间性前瞻记忆的影响因素以及机制, 尤其是神经机制方面尚需要进一步的研究。  相似文献   

4.
时间性前瞻记忆是指形成和保持一个意向,在一段时间后的某个特定的时间(目标时间)执行.文章通过对时间性前瞻记忆的研究取向、方法和现有理论模型的回顾,总结出该领域中的三个争论焦点.  相似文献   

5.
采用2(情绪效价:负性、中性)×2(延迟设置:无延迟、有延迟)的实验设计,探究负性情绪对时间性前瞻记忆的干扰效应。结果显示在无延迟条件下,负性情绪组的前瞻记忆成绩差于中性情绪组,负性情绪组的总时间监控次数和监控后期的时间监控次数均少于中性情绪组;在有延迟条件下,负性情绪组的前瞻记忆成绩和监控后期的时间监控次数与中性情绪组均无差异。结果说明负性情绪会干扰时间性前瞻记忆,而延迟可以消除这种干扰效应。  相似文献   

6.
通过2个实验,对背景任务时间充裕和紧迫两种情况下的具体事件意向、类别事件意向、时间点意向、时间段意向四种前瞻记忆任务对背景任务的干扰效应进行考察。结果表明,在背景任务时间充裕情况下,类别事件意向对背景任务有干扰效应,具体事件意向、时间段意向和时间点意向都没有前瞻干扰效应;在背景任务时间紧迫情况下,时间点意向产生了干扰效应,具体事件意向、类别事件意向、时间段意向均无干扰效应。结果支持前瞻记忆的实现依赖多重加工的观点,时间性前瞻记忆并不一定比事件性前瞻记忆产生更大的干扰。  相似文献   

7.
使用情绪图片作为背景任务刺激,通过两个实验来考察积极情绪和消极情绪对时间性和事件性前瞻记忆的影响。结果发现,对于背景任务的反应时,在时间性前瞻记忆和事件性前瞻记忆中,情绪的主效应都显著。而对于前瞻任务的正确率,在两种前瞻记忆中,情绪的主效应都不显著。将两个实验的数据合并分析发现,对于前瞻任务的正确率,任务类型的主效应显著,即时间性前瞻记忆的成绩显著高于事件性前瞻记忆; 而情绪的主效应不显著。结果表明,背景任务中不同的情绪刺激会对个体完成背景任务的速度产生影响,而对前瞻记忆任务的执行不会产生影响。  相似文献   

8.
采用Stroop任务和前瞻记忆双任务实验范式,比较不同自我损耗条件对被试基于时间前瞻记忆(TBPM)的影响,及其对TBPM的加工阶段和成分的作用。然后通过添加外部时钟监控条件,探讨外部时钟是否可以减少自我损耗对TBPM的消极影响,以及自我损耗对时钟监控情况的作用。结果表明:(1)在内部控制条件下,自我损耗会严重影响TBPM的表现,高损耗组的TBPM成绩显著低于低损耗组,另外,自我损耗主要干扰前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和TBPM的第三个加工阶段。(2)在外部控制条件下,自我损耗没有降低TBPM的表现,说明外部时钟可以降低自我损耗对TBPM的消极影响。(3)自我损耗使个体呈现出不同的时钟监控模式,且邻近目标时间内的时钟监控次数与TBPM成绩呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

9.
认知方式与线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
采用实验室研究范式,以汉语双字词为实验材料,探讨了场依存性认知方式、任务类型和线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响。研究结果表明:(1)场独立者的前瞻记忆成绩显著高于场依存者,而回溯记忆成绩没有明显差异;(2)基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩要明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆成绩。(3)低熟悉性靶线索和与背景有区别的靶线索能促进前瞻记忆的完成,靶线索熟悉性和区别性之间存在非常明显的交互作用。  相似文献   

10.
前瞻记忆的年龄效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘伟  王丽娟 《心理科学》2006,29(5):1174-1177
不同年龄被试前瞻记忆的特点是前瞻记忆领域研究的热点之一。研究者们运用不同的研究范式和不同的实验条件对这一问题进行了深入探讨,并提出了解释年龄效应的理论观点。这一领域的研究应朝向更具生态效度、实验条件更加标准化的方向进行。  相似文献   

11.
We evaluated the effectiveness of a nondiet approach designed to reduce restrained eating behaviors and improve self-acceptance and self-esteem. This approach also encourages participants to address eating and exercise behavior separately. Subjects were Conoco employees who participated in the Wellness Department's Eat For L.I.F.E. (Long-term change; Image of self; Fun; Enjoyment of eating) program and completed pre-participation and 3-year follow-up questionnaires (N = 79). Pre- and postsurvey data were used to assess participants eating behavior, dieting behavior, self-acceptance, self-esteem, level of physical activity, and demographic information. Mastery of the internally directed eating style was assessed during the program at 3 months, at the conclusion of the 6-month program, and at the 3-year follow-up. Analysis of variance indicated that Eat For L.I.F.E. participants were able to significantly decrease their restrained eating behavior and increase self-acceptance, self-esteem, and level of physical activity. Participants also were able to adopt many aspects of the nonrestrained, internally directed eating style and decrease their frequency of weighing-in behavior. These results indicate that strategies fostering internally directed eating behaviors may be more centrally related to an individual's well-being than programs supporting externally directed eating behaviors.  相似文献   

12.
    
Time-based prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to perform an intended action at a given time in the future. It is a competence that is crucial for effective performance in everyday life and may be one of the main causes of problems for individuals who have difficulty in planning and organizing their life, such as children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study systematically examines different aspects of time-based PM performance in a task that involves taking an action at a given future time in a group of 23 children with ADHD who were compared with a matched group of typically-developing (TD) children. The children were asked to watch a cartoon and then answer a questionnaire about its content (ongoing task). They were also asked to press a key every 2 minutes while watching the cartoon (PM task). The relationships of time perception and verbal working memory with PM performance were examined by administering appropriate tasks. The results showed that the children with ADHD were less accurate than the TD children in the PM task and exhibited less strategic time-monitoring behavior. Time perception was found to predict PM accuracy, whereas working memory was mainly involved in time-monitoring behavior, but this applied more to the TD group than to the ADHD group, suggesting that children with ADHD are less able to use their cognitive resources when meeting a PM request.  相似文献   

13.
一种混合型前瞻记忆的加工机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
陈幼贞  黄希庭  袁宏 《心理学报》2010,42(11):1040-1049
通过两个实验, 对以往研究忽略的一种基于事件进行反应、且具有时间线索的混合型前瞻记忆的加工过程进行考察。结果表明, 这种混合型的前瞻记忆可以通过控制加工或自动加工提取, 还可能两种加工交替存在, 被试在执行过程中, 根据时间信息, 有选择地、动态地将注意资源投入于不同时间段, 现有理论不能解释这种现象。对多重加工理论进行补充, 使之能够解释这种混合型前瞻记忆的加工机制。  相似文献   

14.
采用3(任务类型)×2(时段)被试内实验设计,对比一种混合型前瞻记忆(MPM)和基于事件的前瞻记忆(EBPM)在不同时段对进行中任务的干扰效应的神经机制。结果表明,在目标出现的时段,MPM对进行中任务有干扰效应,额区电极最活跃,额区电压最高,而在非目标时段MPM无干扰效应,但刺激出现后200-300ms额区电极较活跃。说明前瞻记忆任务在大脑中可能处于较高的激活状态,额叶灵活地调配意识的不同状态在前瞻记忆加工中参与的程度和时段。  相似文献   

15.
不同认知方式中小学生的前瞻记忆的研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
以反义词—非反义词判断为进行中任务,探讨了小学、初中和高中的场独立、场依存型各60名学生的前瞻记忆完成情况。结果表明,场独立学生的前瞻记忆成绩明显好于场依存者;小学、初中、高中各年龄组学生的前瞻记忆成绩无明显差异;基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆。  相似文献   

16.
前瞻记忆是指形成和保持一个意向直到合适的情境或时间再执行的一种记忆任务。由于在执行背景任务的过程中保持和提取前瞻意向, 使成功执行前瞻记忆任务与加工背景任务之间存在着相互影响。保持前瞻记忆意向对背景任务的反应时和正确率有影响的现象称之为前瞻干扰效应。本研究通过操纵背景任务刺激间时距的两个实验, 考察了背景任务刺激间时距长度对时间性前瞻记忆和事件性前瞻记忆干扰效应量的对比关系的影响。结果发现随着背景任务刺激间时距缩短, 两类前瞻记忆干扰效应量的对比关系发生了变化, 且在背景任务刺激间时距长度不同的情况下执行时间性前瞻记忆任务时, 被试查看时钟的策略也有差异。提示了时间性前瞻记忆任务与事件性前瞻记忆任务认知加工机制上的不同。  相似文献   

17.
    
Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time. In social interactions, people are often motivated to do things for others, which reflects an important factor that influences prospective memory, namely prosocial motivation. According to the motivational cognitive model, prosocial motivation promotes TBPM by paying more attention or adopting more effective strategies. This study explored the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM under different time-monitoring conditions within the motivational cognitive model framework. One hundred and thirty-one university students participated in this experiment that adopted a 2 (groups: control, prosocial motivation) × 2 (viewing time conditions: limited, unlimited) between-subjects design. The results revealed that the prosocial motivation group had better TBPM performance than the control group under both limited and unlimited viewing time conditions. At the same time, compared with the control group, the prosocial motivation group consumed more internal attention and utilized more strategies under both viewing time conditions, and their external attention was more effective. In addition, the external attention of the prosocial motivation group was higher only when time-monitoring was unlimited. The results of this study further extend knowledge of the motivational cognitive model and expand its scope of application, which has theoretical significance.  相似文献   

18.
The authors investigated the phenomenon that performance in an ongoing task declines when individuals must carry out a prospective memory (PM) task. This effect is referred to as the PM interference effect. The authors examined whether the PM interference effect differs between event-based and time-based PM tasks and whether it is increased among the elderly. The authors also investigated adult age differences in PM performance and the potential underlying mechanisms of the age deficits in PM. They found that the PM interference effect was greater in event-based than in time-based tasks. However, aging was not associated with an increase in PM interference effects. Age differences in PM performance were more exaggerated in time-based than event-based PM, but they were not mediated by age differences in traditional cognitive ability measures. In time-based PM, age showed a unique adverse effect even after controlling for the ability to externally monitor the time, leading to the possibility that aging disrupts time-based PM because of deficits in internally processing the time.  相似文献   

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