行政问责的伦理价值

行政问责作为一种责任监督和追究机制,不仅具有政治、行政和法律等方面的价值,也具有重要的伦理价值,它们主要体现在:促进政府履行责任伦理构建责任政府,规范权力运行助推权力向善,尊重"民意"实现公共利益和弘扬道德责任塑造伦理人格等方面.     

论行政人的伦理困境与出路

行政人在行政实践中常会遭遇服从上级与对公众负责的冲突、行政人身份与角色群的紧张、公共利益与个人利益的僵局甚至行政人隐私权与公民知情权的平衡等四天伦理困境.行政人的不道德行为给社会带来了严重危害.行政人陷入伦理困境有三重因素:微观方面是行政人角色界定模糊;中观方面是监督和制约机制乏力;宏观方面是行政主导价值旁落和传统行政文化的侵扰.行政人选拔应与行政主导价值观相匹配,推进以组织流程转变为核心的政府再造运动;慎用行政实践中的伦理性妥协;开展行政人伦理培训;加强伦理立法及制度化是行政人摆脱伦理困境的基本理路.     

美国职业伦理的核心价值理念和基本特点

美国职业伦理建设已经历了长期的发展,其建设经验可以为我国当前的职业道德建设提供借鉴。自由、责任、诚实、平等、公正和守法是贯穿在美国职业伦理中的核心价值理念。职业伦理规范的法律化、行业协会职业伦理规范的职业化和以宗教伦理促进职业伦理建设,是美国职业伦理规范建构的显著特点。美国职业伦理的实践性特点主要是强调职业伦理规范的具体化和针对性;重视职业伦理教育,普及职业伦理规范;落实职业伦理资格认证,强化职业归属;结合自律与他律,推动职业伦理实践发展。当前,研究美国职业伦理有益于我们批判地借鉴美国职业伦理中合理的基本道德价值理念,有益于我们学习发达国家相同行业应当遵守的基本行为规范、准则、戒律,有益于我们有选择地利用美国职业伦理的管理经验,积极建构我国各行各业面向实践的道德规范管理体系。     

公共利益:公共伦理的价值基础

公共伦理是公共管理行为应遵循的准则与规范体系,其功能在于有效调节、规范和引导公共管理行为,促进公共管理目标的实现,公共伦理必须寻找到合理的价值基础。本文认为,公共利益既是公共伦理建设的出发点,又是公共伦理致力于实现的目标,理应成为公共伦理的价值基础。同时,以公共利益作为公共伦理的价值基础,实现了义务论与目的论的统一,使公共伦理具备了很强的实践品质。     

论行政伦理的价值——21世纪初公共行政道德化趋势下的阐释

21世纪初公共行政现代性追寻与道德化趋势的耦合,赋予了行政伦理建设更深厚的价值合理性基础.行政伦理的价值是工具性价值与目的性价值的统一,前者表现为效率价值与管理价值,它发挥着"隐形制度"的约束与管理功能,是行政主体"自由裁量权"的价值准则;后者表现在公共行政的"公共性"性质及其内含的公平正义的价值上.公共行政的目的性价值彰显,是公共行政摆脱现代性危机、进行合法性重建的实现方式.行政伦理的工具性价值与目的性价值相互表征、相互澄明,并仰赖于特定的价值情境与机制.     

公信政府何以可能——行政伦理之于政府公信力的功能探析

政府公信力既是一种社会信任系统,同时也是公共权威的真实表达,受到各国政府极大关注。但学界对政府公信力的研究局限于管理学和政治学,强调政治功用,忽视行政伦理在政府公信力培育中的价值。事实上,政府公信力也属政治伦理范畴,行政伦理对于优化政府理念、行为和绩效,提振政府公信力有着重大的实践价值和驱动作用。一方面,行政伦理通过对政府的评介功能、导向功能、示范功能和规范价值,构筑政府公信力;另一方面,行政伦理又在助推责任政府建设,促进公共政策透明化,抑制行政腐败和构筑政治文明中发挥着潜移默化的渗透功效,不断增进政府信誉,巩固政府合法性,提振着政府公信力。     

论行政伦理规范体系建设的主题及价值目标

当前我国行政伦理规范体系建设的软肋在于忽视道德对权力的有效约束,或者说,是社会主义行政伦理建设滞后。这必然导致权力行使的傲慢与冷漠,出现与社会主义本质要求不相适应的行政行为与现象。道德的本质和功能决定道德可以约束权力。因此,在行政伦理规范体系建设的过程中,既要对法制监督、社会监督等"硬监督"体系予以足够重视,还要重视发挥道德的"软监督"作用,引入和培育道德因素,发挥道德对公共生活和公共秩序的引导、调适和规范功能,促使权力主体由他律走向自律,实现权力主体他律和自律的统一。因此,建设市场经济体制下社会主义行政伦理规范体系,促进政治法律制度和行政人员的道德化,对于推进我国政治文明建设具有重要意义和作用。     

确立行政伦理的依据

行政的政治性和特殊性,是行政伦理作为特定价值系统确立的依据;行政自由裁量权的存在以及行政权力的相对独立性和具体行使的主观性,是行政伦理作为道德责任规定确立的依据;行政腐败的防治和行政责任实现对伦理控制的依赖,是行政伦理作为调控机制确立的依据。     

人力资源配置和管理的伦理思考

在人力资源的开发和利用上 ,要充分认识道德因素的重要性。人力资源配置在宏观上应坚持全面提高人口素质的伦理价值取向 ;重视人力资源开发和利用、促进社会主义市场经济发展的伦理价值取向 ;合理配置和利用人力资源 ,协调好劳动者之间的协作配合的伦理价值取向。在微观上应遵循以人为本、合理公正、集体主义的伦理原则。     

加强行政伦理法制建设

加强行政伦理法制建设,是建立健全教育、制度、监督并重的惩治和预防腐败体系的重要措施。"防止国家和国家机关由社会公仆变为社会主人",是加强行政伦理法制建设的基点。重视行政伦理法制建设,已经成为国际性的大趋势。对我国来说,当务之急是探索制定行政伦理法,可以先从基础层面做起,即研究制定《行政伦理建设实施纲要》。     

The Varied Trajectories of Engaged Buddhism: New Works on Buddhist Environmental Ethics,Interdependence, and Racial Karma

This book discussion reads three works in contemporary Buddhist social ethics alongside one another: Ogyen Trinley Dorje’s Interconnected, David Loy’s Ecodharma, and Larry Ward’s America’s Racial Karma. Each of these works contributes to the subfield of engaged Buddhism, which aims to bring Buddhist value theory to contemporary social and political issues in order to effect social change. The rapid development of engaged Buddhism constitutes a particularly rich moment in the history of Buddhist thought, as Buddhist ethics is showing itself to be actively in process—a tradition in the midst of rapid transformation, revision, and cross-cultural application. This book discussion interrogates these three works with that metaphilosophical and historiographical issue in mind, analyzing the particular ways in which they contribute to challenging and reshaping the traditional contours of Buddhist ethics into a contemporary social and political register. In exemplifying the approaches of translation, extending, and applying, these works demonstrate the creative and experimental moment in which Buddhist social ethics finds itself today. Such adaptations of the Buddhist tradition are historiographically significant as innovations, while also of a piece with Buddhism’s history of intercultural transmission.     

从传统伦理向现代伦理的转型和跨越——孙中山伦理思想研究

孙中山以自由、平等、博爱等人道主义现代伦理理念为指导 ,从道德本体、道德规范的内容、人格模式、道德价值定位等视角将传统伦理转化为现代伦理 ,实现了传统伦理向现代伦理的跨越。孙中山伦理思想在中国近现代伦理思想史上具有重要的历史地位。     

Negotiating the moral order: paradoxes of ethics consultation

Ethics consultation at the bedside has been hailed as a better way than courts and ethics committees to empower patients and make explicit the value components of treatment decisions. But close examination of the practice of ethics consultation reveals that it in fact risks subverting those ends by interpolating a third (expert) party into the doctor-patient encounter. In addition, the practice of bioethics through consultation does the broader cultural work of fashioning a shared moral order in the face of manifestly plural individual commitments. In doing so, however, bioethics furthers medicine's position as a privileged domain of public moral discourse in contemporary American society.     

PERSPECTIVES ON TORTURE: Reports from a Dialogue Including Christian,Judaic, Islamic,and Feminist Viewpoints

Torture continues to be a pressing political issue in North America, yet religious scholarly reflection on the ethics of torture remains all but sidelined in public discourse for a variety of complex reasons. These reasons are explored—and critiqued—in this collection of reflections by Christian, Jewish, Muslim, and feminist religious ethicists. These scholars find that historical amnesia, forced if not twisted readings of classical texts and contemporary human rights instruments, and sociological factors are but a few of the factors challenging contemporary religious ethical discourse on torture.     

Applied ethics in mental health in Cuba: part I--guiding concepts and values

As part of a project on professionals' lived experience of ethics, this article explores the guiding concepts and values concerning ethics of mental health professionals in Cuba. The data, obtained through individual interviews and focus groups with 28 professionals, indicate that Cubans conceptualize applied ethics in terms of its central role in professional practice and its connection to the social context and subjective processes. Findings also show that Cuban professionals are guided not only by a set of professional values but by a set of civic values as well. The former are subdivided into other-oriented values and self-oriented values. The study of ethics in another culture such as Cuba offers a unique point of view from which to critique the social construction of our own conceptions of applied ethics in North America.     

论健康伦理学及其基本理论架构——“九大理论”视野中的健康伦理

当代医学道德发展的走向理应是健康道德,后医学伦理学时代理应是健康伦理学。建设健康伦理学需要搭成一个基本理论架构。其组成至少应该有“九大理论”,即生命神圣论、生命质量论、生命价值论,医学人本论、医学功利论、医学公正论,医者美德论、医者义务(患者权利)论、医患和谐论。其间,按顺序由每三论构成一个“统一论”,将第一个“统一论”作为立论前提,将第二个“统一论”作为直接依据,将第三个“统一论”作为应用指南,如此,才能由三个“统一论”共同地更好地阐释全部健康伦理学问题。     

The gastroenterologist and his endoscope: The embodiment of technology and the necessity for a medical ethics

The purpose of this essay is to argue for the necessity of an ethics of the practice of the specialist-technologist in medicine. In the first part I sketch three stages of medical ethics, each with a particular viewpoint regarding the technology of medicine. I focus on Brody's consideration of the “physician's power” as a example of contemporary medical ethics which explicitly excludes the specialist-technologist as a locus of development of medical ethics. Next, the philosophy of Heidegger is examined to suggest an approach to the problem, and, finally, some of Levinas' contributions regarding the “other” are introduced to suggest a preliminary approach to a medical ethics of the specialist-technologist.     

Intuitions and the Value of a Person

In contemporary moral theory and normative ethics there is frequent recourse to 'intuitions' of value. One current instance of this is the appeal in reproductive and population ethics to the thought that the existence of a human being is not as such good or bad. Here the status and substance of this assumption are challenged. In addition, doubt is cast on the value of appeals to intuition where these are not related to some philosophical account of the grounds of value.     

Applied Ethics in Mental Health in Cuba: Part I-Guiding Concepts and Values

As part of a project on professionals' lived experience of ethics, this article explores the guiding concepts and values concerning ethics of mental health professionals in Cuba. The data, obtained through individual interviews and focus groups with 28 professionals, indicate that Cubans conceptualize applied ethics in terms of its central role in professional practice and its connection to the social context and subjective processes. Findings also show that Cuban professionals are guided not only by a set of professional values but by a specific set of civic values as well. The former are subdivided into other-oriented values and self-oriented values. The study of ethics in another culture such as Cuba offers a unique point of view from which to critique the social construction of our own conceptions of applied ethics in North America.