普列汉诺夫论人性和道德的关系

近几年来,我国学术界有的人主张以人性作为道德的来源和基础,或者认为人性和经济状况是道德的双重基础等等。这种观点显然是违背马克思主义的,同时也不是什么创新。我们介绍普列汉诺夫对18世纪法国启蒙思想家以人性来解释道德的分析批判,以及关于人性和道德关系的马克思主义的分析,对于正确认识以人性说明道德的观点的错误所在,会十分有益的。     

论人性与道德——一种道德学的分析

揭示人性有哲学、心理学、生理学、伦理学等多重维度,但从道德上考究人性即关于人性善恶问题的讨论是主流;道德与人性的关系集中表现为人性决定道德还是道德决定人性的问题,决定道德的利益不过是人性的体现,而人性的善恶又以利益的取舍为标准,如果我们认同由伦理入道德的分析进路,那么人性就构成道德的"第二土壤";但人性又是欲望与情感的总和,利益只不过是人的欲望的现实化,就此而言,人性又构成道德的"第一土壤";因此,基于真实人性的道德学应该破除人性要素的二元对立思维,从人性的完整性、客观性出发,为正当与善提供坚实的人性基础,为"完整的人"和"自由的人"的实现提供道义支撑,真正使道德成为人的道德,而不是道德异化。     

性善:“伦理心境”还是“自然倾向”

杨泽波教授的"伦理心境"说是对孟子性善论的一种代表性诠释,他最近以"人性中的自然生长倾向"说补充和发展了这一诠释。人性中确实有道德方面的"自然生长倾向",一方面人自然会发展出亲子之爱和恻隐之心等道德情感,另一方面人性中也具备发展出道德反思、理解和判断等理性能力的要件。而且社会生活中的道德内容也不是自成一体的存在,"伦理心境"不只是社会生活在心灵中反复印刻的结果,它们都有"人性中的自然生长倾向"作为基础。相较于"伦理心境","人性中的自然生长倾向"更适合用来解释孟子性善论。据此,性善既是性本善,也是性向善,合言之是性本向善。性善是自然、经验的,而非超自然、先验的。性善有一个包含着情感和理性的立体架构。     

人为什么要有道德?(下)

四、人性与人的道德潜能如果说,将利益与互利作为人类道德的客观基础,实际隐含着一种消极的人性理解,即设定：人本性自私,只是因为自利最大化的主观要求或欲望只能通过互利的社会契约机制才能实现,因而互利便具有一种基本的道德理性意义;那么,对人性的积极理解就可以被看作是对人类道德之主体基础的探究,即设定：人性本善,而     

人性与道德

中西方伦理思想史上关于人性争论的关键,在于没有弄清人性的内涵及其与人的本质之间的关系,从而在从人性到道德的逻辑过渡上出现了问题.本文通过对历史上人性论的批判分析,将人性划分为"实然"与"应然"两个层次,并指出:人性的两个层次都是道德的基础,二者分别从不同的层面为道德的产生准备了条件.     

人为什么要有道德?(上)

本文从道德哲学的角度提出“人为什么要有道德?”的问题,并尝试给出某种解答。通过“善(好)生活”、“利益(关系)”和“人性(潜能)”三个核心概念,作者力图阐明道德之于人类生活的内在性,并从人类的生活目的、行为方式和人性潜能三个基本方面,揭示人类道德生活所内含的美德一目的论与规范一道义论之双重维度。     

论道德叙事

哲学的叙事就是有关生命和生活的道德叙事,道德叙事的主体通过生命体验和生活经历中的事件叙述,呈现或揭示隐藏在这些体验、经历、事件或行为背后的道德思想和价值观念,以创造出生命或生活的意义。生命的存在形式和生活运行轨迹表明道德叙事的主体是一个在时间流逝中呈现的历史主体;有意义的人生和道德生活表明道德叙事是基于一个统一主题对人性目的的理解。"道德主体""历时性""人性目的论""主题统一性"和"可理解性"构成了道德叙事的基本要素。这些基本要素通过"道德训诫"把"未受教化而偶然所是的人"转化为"实现其目的而可能所是的人",这是人类深层次的道德叙事。     

作为生存策略的道德及其演化路径

道德作为生存的策略是人类进化中自我完善的文化工具。人性缺陷是道德存在的前提,自我意识是道德生成的基础,追求自由是道德实现的主要目标,生产力状况是道德演化的决定因素,实现信任是道德建构的核心任务。随着人类生活经验的积累和生存能力的增强,人类的发展面临着不同的矛盾与冲突,道德建构也就表现出不同的手段和途径。依据社会信任的实现方式,我们可以将道德演化的历史阶段划分为自然伦理阶段、经验伦理阶段、制度伦理阶段和技术伦理阶段。     

集权的道德哲学反思

集权是以功利目的论为理论根基,以"例外特质"为道德心理基础,以独断的道德相对论和独断的道德一元论的不良混合为道德特征,以暴力和强制为后盾的不道德的特殊权利.集权践踏人权、违背人性,不配享有权利之名,因而是必须祛除的对象.     

道德:是在压抑人性,还是在提升人性

当前社会上出现一股思潮,认为道德的约束使人性中很多自然、正常的东西得不到应有的释放与满足,道德压抑了人性,导致了人性的扭曲,严重地影响了人们的身心健康。认为应当将人们从道德的种种束缚中解放出来,打倒一切违背人性、压抑人性、摧残人性的东西。本文通过对人性本质的揭示认为:道德本然的定位并不是要压抑人性,恰恰相反,道德自始至终都是立足于提升和完善人性。在人类历史上,道德的确有走向人性的反面的情况,而这不过是由于我们将道德绝对化、制度化和虚无化后所致。     

Morality and the philosophy of life in Guyau and Bergson

In this essay I examine the contribution a philosophy of life is able to make to our understanding of morality, including our appreciation of its evolution or development and its future. I focus on two contributions, namely, those of Jean-Marie Guyau and Henri Bergson. In the case of Guyau I show that he pioneers the naturalistic study of morality through a conception of life; for him the moral progress of humanity is bound up with an increasing sociability, involving both the intensification of life and its expansion. In the case of Bergson I show that he also pioneers a novel naturalistic appreciation of morality, one that is keen to demonstrate morality’s two sources and so as to give us a firm grasp of the chances of a moral progress on the part of humanity. I suggest that of the two appreciations of morality Bergson’s is the richer since it contains a set of critical reflections on humanity’s condition that is lacking in Guyau. I conclude by suggesting that Bergson’s idea that modern humanity is confronted with the decision whether it wishes to continue living or not has lost none of its relevance today.     

THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY IN UNCOVERING THE MATRIX OF HUMAN MORALITY

Abstract. Theology and the life sciences are mutually dependent on one another in the task of understanding the origin and function of moral behavior. The life sciences investigate morality from the perspective of the historical and communal dimension of humanity and point to survival as the primary function of human behavior. A Christian ethic of self-sacrifice advances the preservation of the entire human and nonhuman creation and should not, therefore, be objected to by the life sciences. Religion, however, is more than a survival mechanism. It points to a preserving agency beyond humanity and prevents the life sciences from reducing life to its strictly biological side.     

论道德与生活的关系及道德生活的本质特征

就生活与道德的关系而言,可以说生活需要道德、包含了道德但并不等于道德,道德始终存在于人的整体生活之中,没有脱离生活的道德。道德生活的本质特征表现在,道德生活是一种属人的或人类所特有的社会生活,是建立在物质生活基础之上的并渗透在物质生活之中引导和规范物质生活的精神生活,是一种有意义和价值并能予以价值评价的生活,是一种主体自由意志自觉自为并能进行道德选择的生活,是一种通过道德意识表现为道德关系涵盖一切道德活动的社会生活。     

THE CREATIVE IMPERATIVE: Religious Ethics and the Formation of Life in Common

Challenging a long‐standing assumption of the separation of ethical from poetic activity, this essay develops the basis for a theory of moral life as inherently and radically creative. A range of contemporary post‐Kantian ethicists—including Ricoeur, Nussbaum, Kearney, and Gutiérrez—are employed to make the argument that moral practice requires a fundamental capability for creative transformation, imagination, and social renewal. In addition, this poetic moral capability can finally be understood only from the primordial religious point of view of the mystery of Creation as such. Humanity as an image of its Creator is called to the endless impossible possibility of the re‐creation of its own complex, plural, and fallen social world. Such a perspective is opposed to views of moral life as the application of law‐like principles or the recovery of past moral histories. Without a better understanding of moral life's radically creative imperative, we miss a vital element of social relations' distinctive humanity.     

Curiosity as a Guide to the Virtuous Life

We are concerned here with the existential question: In order to live a virtuous life, whether it is better to commit one's life to good works among humankind or to the perfection of one's spiritual being by turning away from humanity and devoting oneself entirely to God. We examine this issue—a controversy in moral philosophy from the time of the ancient Greeks—in a short story by Leo Tolstoy.     

A Public Atonement: The Public Nature of Sin and Salvation in the American Moral Governmental Theory of the Atonement

The American moral governmental theory of the atonement was distinct from other Protestant views in several ways, but truly unique in one. Its definition of forgiveness as a pardon instead of a debt paid, its insistence that Christ died for the good of the moral universe, and its rejection of the distributive understanding of penal substitution all stemmed from its relentless commitment to view both God and humanity in terms of public life. It is the purpose of this article to demonstrate that the most foundational element in the American moral governmental theory of the atonement was the idea of publicity, namely the public nature it ascribed to sin, salvation and the glory of God.     

道德信仰的发生机制

道德信仰的发生机制至少包括三个方面 ,即 :需要的体认机制 ;伦理义务的内化机制 ;道德心理的整合机制。需要的体认机制涉及到对人性、人生的价值、人的使命等问题 ,它是道德信仰形成的主体基础 ;伦理义务的内化机制涉及到人的社会伦理关系、社会规定性和制约性、社会价值、社会道德规范及其教化等问题 ,它是道德信仰形成的客观条件 ;道德心理的整合机制涉及到道德认知、道德情感、道德意志和道德人格等问题 ,它是道德信仰形成的主、客观方面的动态的统一。     

To Become a Filial Son,a Loyal Subject,or a Humane Person?—On the Confucian Ideas about Humanity

Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi regard the human as an emotional being and especially consider such moral feelings as humane love, filial piety and devoted loyalty to be the constituent elements of humanity. On the one hand, they try to integrate the corresponding multiple roles of the humane person, filial son and loyal subject in harmony in order to make one become a true human in the ethical sense; on the other hand, they assign a supreme position merely to filial piety or loyalty in cases of conflict because they regard one's parents or ruler as the greatest root of one's life, respectively. As a result, their ideas about humanity fall into some in-depth moral paradoxes, which might be resolved by a post-Confucian transformation of the traditional Confucian framework from particularistic consanguinism to universalistic humanism.