触觉刺激对触觉注意启动作用的研究

目的：探讨触觉刺激对触觉注意的影响,以揭示选择性注意的机制。方法：利用在体电生理记录技术,记录了288个丘脑腹侧基底核（ventrobasal nuleus of thalamus,VB）神经元放电活动,并着重考察了不同强度触觉刺激对丘脑神经元细胞自发放电活动的影响。结果发现：触觉刺激对大部分的触觉神经元的自发放电活动均有抑制性影响。提示触觉刺激降低背景噪声可能是触发选择性触觉注意的神经机制。     

触觉、听觉、视觉发展与学习

对盲人的研究表明,在失去视觉以后,只要我们把感觉学习训练的重点放在个别化的基础上,就能使盲人比较容易适应于使用其它感觉。在我们理解视觉缺陷儿童在认知学习方面的特殊问题之前,我们必须首先理解有关感觉学习的两个基本概念。不论接受信息通道的类型,分辨(dis-crimination)这一术语是指对味觉、嗅觉、听觉、触觉、视觉刺激的异同进行辨别的能力。而识别(recognition)是指感觉到的信息在以前就早已认识过的,这就意味着某个人能对某一刺激的物体加     

振动触觉频率信息的工作记忆容量及存储机制

工作记忆可以同时保存多个信息并且容量有限, 这一内在机制是工作记忆研究的重点问题。视觉和言语等研究领域都发现工作记忆能够存储多个信息单元, 但对振动触觉工作记忆是否能存储多个频率信息目前尚无相关研究。由于振动触觉频率刺激和视觉刺激具有不同的神经编码机制, 以及振动频率信息是通过躯体感觉产生的模拟的、单维的、参数化信息, 振动触觉工作记忆容量及其加工存储机制的研究也必不可少。首先, 本项目将采用新的实验范式, 探究不同的刺激呈现方式以及不同反应报告方式下, 振动触觉工作记忆的容量及其认知机制。其次, 本项目也将同时运用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术, 来阐述振动触觉工作记忆加工存储的神经机制。探究基于触觉频率信息的参数工作记忆容量及其神经机制是完善工作记忆模型的重要补充, 将有助于提高我们对工作记忆系统的理解, 并为视觉、听觉、触觉多模态感知觉信息的跨通道研究奠定基础。     

质地密度逐渐变化对触觉识别的作用

研究关于输入、本体感受和输出对表面触觉认知的影响,旨在探索运用触觉识别质地密度逐渐变化的表面时,理论关于表面粗糙度恒定的情况下,主动手指运动产生的信息不影响触觉认知的解释是否仍然成立。实验采用表面质地密度呈正态曲线式逐渐变化,组成正负两组变化方向。正方向变化为表面质点密度向中逐渐增大,与手指触摸运动的加减速方式一致;负方向变化为表面质点密度向中逐渐减小,与手指触摸运动的加减速方式相反;另外包括一个表面密度不变的平面。让被试辨别表面质地密度变化的方向,结果发现被试能够很好地判别表面质地密度变化的方向,但在判别正向变化的表面时显得更准确;当表面密度没有变化时,被试倾向于判别为正向变化。这一发现没有支持表面密度恒定的触觉认知解释模型。与常规直觉相反,研究还发现即时反馈并没有改进触觉识别,反而降低了辨别的正确率。质地密度逐渐变化的触觉识别在变化的大小、准确和自信心方面都显示了不同,但没有发现认知学习作用该触觉任务辨别的过程。基于这些发现,文章讨论了触觉质地感知和有关存在的理论解释模式。     

4—6岁儿童视、触觉在长度知觉中的相互作用

有关视觉和触觉在长度判別中的相互作用问题,我们看到的材料很少。特别是4—6岁儿童在视觉和触觉的相互作用下。对长度判别的研究材料,我们就没有看到过。我们接触到的有关这方面的资料,仅限于韩凯、林仲贤(1981)对学前儿童视、触大小知觉的研究,他们认为学前儿童及成人,对物体大小的判别,同一通道(如视—视或触—触)比不同通道(如视—触或触—视)的辨别正确率高。还有张增慧和曹日昌(1964)的一项研究,他们的结果指出,由视觉识记,通过触觉再认,远比通过视觉再认的成绩差,而由触觉识记,通过视觉再认,远比通过触觉再认的成绩差。另外,王甦在《两种触觉长度知觉方式的比较》研究中《两种方式:①用食指沿物体表面从一端摸到另一     

7—12岁正常及盲童听、触觉通道大小辨别比较实验

人类感知外界事物时,视觉及触觉都起着重要作用。在排除视觉的条件下人们仅仅凭着触觉也能对物体形状及大小进行知觉,但精确度要较之视觉的为低。在实际生活中,失去视觉的人,凭着听觉也能对物体的质地和大小及远近距离进行辨别和判断。在本实验中,比较了正常儿童和盲童的听觉、触觉对物体大小的辨别能力。实验结果表明盲童通过触觉辨别物体的大小的能力是相当高的,正确率达82.6％;通过听觉(声音)辩别同质地物体的大小的正确率也达61.1％。这两者均明显优于正常儿童(视觉正常儿童)的结果。作者认为,盲童由于失去视觉,而加强触觉和听觉能力的发展,是感官补偿作用的结果。     

触觉—触觉单—模式和听觉—触觉交叉模式工作记忆的神经机制的研究

目的:探讨听觉-触觉交叉模式工作记忆的大脑神经活动机理。方法:训练12个正常受试者学习触觉-触觉单一模式和听觉-触觉交叉模式工作记忆任务后,利用Neuroscan EEG系统记录脑电活动,对脑电数据分析,着重考察延时过程中事件相关脑电成分(ERP)在触觉单一模式和交叉模式中的异同。我们以往交叉模式的研究表明:在工作记忆延时过程中存在着2个主要的脑电成分LPC(Late Positive Component)和LNC(Late Negative Component)。本研究中加入了新的感觉模式——听觉,并通过比较单一模式和交叉模式,以及交叉模式中匹配和不需匹配任务间脑电成分的差异,进一步证明了交叉模式工作记忆中相继的LPC和LNC所提示的神经认知功能:不同感觉模式间的信息交互,工作记忆的维持和执行。     

汉字触觉辨认与触觉双指模式

大量的以往研究涉及到字词识别 ,其中又有相当一部分是对字词或字母的触觉辨认研究 ,但未见汉字模式的触觉辨认研究。为了探讨汉字模式与英文字母或词模式触觉辨认的异同 ,我们先做简单汉字的视触匹配实验以确定此类实验是否可行。把 10个高频且笔画少的汉字在 6× 2 4的触觉振动仪上转换成振动的触觉模式 ,由于汉字比以往触觉模式辨认实验中所用的单指振动模式要复杂 ,所以我们不得不把汉字转换成双指模式 ,即用了两片振动显示仪来呈现一个模式 ,被试用双指接触振动片。汉语母语被试与从没学过汉字的英语母语被试各 10名对这些汉字触觉模式作了触觉与视觉模式匹配实验 ,结果表明两类被试的匹配成绩都很低而且无显著差异 ,结果可能是由于双指模式所致 ,从而不能完全说明汉字模式太难不适合触觉辨认 ,于是我们用单指模式的通常结构构建双指模式 ,使单双指模式的复杂度差异只表现在量上 ,检验了单双指模式的辨认效果 ,结果表明双指模式辨认成绩虽比单指辨认差但辨认中的认知特征如干扰中的反应竞争与知觉竞争效应相同。     

弱智儿童与正常儿童触觉长度知觉的对比研究

1　前言研究资料表明 ,弱智儿童动作笨拙 ,对动作的理解与模仿能力低于正常儿童 ;抓物时常常双手并用 ,右利手表现不突出 ;语言能力差 ,进步缓慢 ;他们的记忆力与正常儿童存在很大差别。　　本实验研究弱智儿童触觉长度知觉能力 ,并探讨他们该种能力低于正常儿童的脑功能基础。2　研究方法被试中的弱智儿童来自开封市两所弱智儿童学校 ,有效被试 3 5名 ,平均年龄 1 2 9岁 (最大年龄 1 5岁 ,最小年龄 1 0岁 ) ,平均智商 56 9。正常儿童来自河南大学附属小学和附属中学 ,共 3 5名 ,平均年龄 1 2 6岁。两组被试中的男女性别比例均接近对半。…     

触觉长度总合:应用复合变异刺激的实验

本文报道被动触觉的长度总合实验。在应用单一的标准刺激的条件下,在前臂内侧进行了单一的和各种复合的变异刺激的比较实验,所得到的结果没有显著差异。这与主动触觉和应用复合的标准刺激的实验结果相一致,表明长度总合是触觉的一种普遍现象。本文讨论了策略在长度总合中的作用与对长度辨别阈限的意义。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.