A Comparison of the Sources and Nature of Body Image Messages Perceived by Indigenous Fijian and European Australian Adolescent Girls

Australian and Fijian adolescent girls reported on the influence that sociocultural factors, including parents, peers, and the media, had on their body image attitudes. It was expected that messages that promote a thin body would be less prevalent among Fijians, as their cultural traditions place more importance on robust body sizes. An inductive thematic analysis of the girls’ semi-structured interviews indicated that both Fijian (n = 16) and Australian (n = 16) girls (aged 13–17) reported messages from similar sources, which included parents, siblings, and friends/peers. Australian girls consistently reported messages that reinforced thinness. On the other hand, Fijian girls reported messages that emphasized both thinness and robustness. The discussion focuses on the conflict between Western ideals and cultural Fijian traditions and the implications for culturally sensitive interventions.     

Interpretations of Messages

This research examined interpretations of messages as a function of whether they are equivocal or unequivocal, whether they protect self‐face or other‐face, and whether the perceivers of the messages are directly involved in the conversation or overhear it. The role of self‐monitoring and gender were also assessed. Results of Study 1 (N=463) revealed that equivocation is perceived as more polite but less honest and less competent than unequivocal criticism. Equivocation addressing other‐face is the most polite, and criticism of the other is the least polite. Females perceive equivocation as more polite than do males. Ego‐involvement influences perceptions independently and through its interaction with equivocation. No support was found for the role of self‐monitoring or the notion that equivocation conveys a more positive meaning than unequivocal criticism. Study 2 (N = 496) replicated the findings concerning the politeness, honesty, self‐other differences, gender differences, self‐monitoring, and meaning associated with equivocation.     

Earwitness testimony 2. Voices,faces and context

Two factors relevant to voice recognition were investigated in the study reported here: the effect on memory for a voice of the presence of a face or personal information about the speaker, and the effects of the re-presentation of this information as contextual cues at test. Recognition memory for the briefly heard voice of a stranger was superior in conditions where the face of the speaker was absent. Presence of the additional contextual cues at test had no effects on recognition performance. Theoretical and forensic applications of the findings are discussed in terms of face-recognition models and witness line-up design. The sensitivity of voice memory measures to the different types of experimental design is also considered. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Voices of Silence: Foucault,Disability, and the Question of Self-determination

Studies in Philosophy and Education - In this paper I examine two controversialissues that occurred in two different centuriesbut that are inextricably linked with eachother – the 1835 murder...     

Dual Visions,Dual Voices Reply to Commentary

An overarching thematic implication of both Grand's discussion of my article and my reply to her discussion is the need for sharing and integration of knowledge and concepts belonging to the separate fields of psychoanalysis and the trauma/dissociation. Grand and I have different expressive voices, both singular and plural, which, I conjecture, are in part reflective of different traditions. Grand's response demonstrates eloquently a problem facing both psychoanalysis and the field of trauma treatment: the tendency of fields, like individuals, to proceed in isolation deprives all from the benefit of shared information. Procrustean beds cannot be shared.     

Values-based Political Messages and Persuasion: Relationships among Speaker, Recipient, and Evoked Values

The persuasive power of values-based political messages may depend on recipients having (1) shared values with the speaker (a type of personal identity match ); (2) shared political party identifications with the speaker (a type of social identity match ); and/or (3) expectations about values traditionally associated with different political parties (an expectancy violation/confirmation ). The independent and joint effects of these factors on the success of a persuasive message were examined, using the theoretical framework of dual-process models of persuasion. Participants (N = 301), classified according to their party identifications and primary value orientations, read a political speech that varied by argument quality, speaker party, and values evoked. Results indicated that value matching promotes close attention to the message, while party mismatching increases message rejection. These effects depend to some extent, however, on expectancies about values traditionally associated with different parties. Participants especially rejected messages from rival party members when the speaker evoked unexpected values. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the efficacy of values-based political communication.     

Shutters,Boxes, but No Paradoxes: Time Symmetry Puzzles in Quantum Theory

The “N‐box experiment” is a much‐discussed thought experiment in quantum mechanics. It is claimed by some authors that a single particle prepared in a superposition of N+1 box locations and which is subject to a final “post‐selection” measurement corresponding to a different superposition can be said to have occupied “with certainty” N boxes during the intervening time. However, others have argued that under closer inspection, this surprising claim fails to hold. Aharonov and Vaidman have continued their advocacy of the claim in question by proposing a variation on the N‐box experiment, in which the boxes are replaced by shutters and the pre‐ and post‐selected particle is entangled with a photon. These authors argue that the resulting “N‐shutter experiment” strengthens their original claim regarding the N‐box experiment. It is argued in this article that the apparently surprising features of this variation are no more robust than those of the N‐box experiment and that it is not accurate to say that the particle is “with certainty” in all N shutters at any given time.

Shutters, Boxes, but No Paradoxes: Time Symmetry Puzzles in Quantum Theory

All authors

Ruth E. Kastner

https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590412331289279

Published online:

14 October 2010

Figure 1 Hilbert Space of the Shutter Particle.     

18.

On Generalizing Cabbages,Messages, Kings,and Several Other Things: The Virtues of Multiplicity     

James J. Bradac 《人类交流研究》1983,9(2):181-187

     

19.

Creating a Participant Text: Writing,Multiple Voices,Narrative Multiplicity     

PEGGY PENN  MARILYN FRANKFURT 《Family process》1994,33(3):217-231

This article uses the ideas of social constructionism to explore how families change by investigating the way our perceptions of ourselves in relation to others are formed through language. The idea that language has the inherent potential to generate a reply has strongly influenced our thinking. We propose that the reply to others is shaped by our initial reply to ourselves in inner conversation. Interaction moves back and forth from inner conversation to conversation with others, from monologue to dialogue, becoming the “stuff” of new narratives. The particular focus on language in this article is on how adding writing to the session conversation produces a “participant text,” a therapeutic narrative that is composed of the voices of the family and the therapists. These voices, often newly discovered or invented, allow our narrative discourse to expand and multiply. Using this approach with individuals, couples, and families from different socioeconomic levels, we have worked with mourning, divorcing couples, recovery from abuse, marital conflict, parenting dilemmas, and physical illness.     

20.

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti-Littering Messages     

John W.  Reich Jerie L  Robertson 《Journal of applied social psychology》1979,9(1):91-101

Although littering is a significant social problem, there is only a relatively small amount of quantitative research on it; there is little systematic theory concerning the variables which influence it. This study presents a theoretical model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind of social pressure against littering they attempt to impose. Three experiments were performed to test the model. It was found that messages making explicit commands against the act of littering (external pressure) actually generated more littering than messages making appeal to social normative standards concerning littering (internal pressure). Other data relevant to the model and areas in which additional research is needed also are discussed.     

Creating a Participant Text: Writing,Multiple Voices,Narrative Multiplicity

This article uses the ideas of social constructionism to explore how families change by investigating the way our perceptions of ourselves in relation to others are formed through language. The idea that language has the inherent potential to generate a reply has strongly influenced our thinking. We propose that the reply to others is shaped by our initial reply to ourselves in inner conversation. Interaction moves back and forth from inner conversation to conversation with others, from monologue to dialogue, becoming the “stuff” of new narratives. The particular focus on language in this article is on how adding writing to the session conversation produces a “participant text,” a therapeutic narrative that is composed of the voices of the family and the therapists. These voices, often newly discovered or invented, allow our narrative discourse to expand and multiply. Using this approach with individuals, couples, and families from different socioeconomic levels, we have worked with mourning, divorcing couples, recovery from abuse, marital conflict, parenting dilemmas, and physical illness.     

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti-Littering Messages

Although littering is a significant social problem, there is only a relatively small amount of quantitative research on it; there is little systematic theory concerning the variables which influence it. This study presents a theoretical model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind of social pressure against littering they attempt to impose. Three experiments were performed to test the model. It was found that messages making explicit commands against the act of littering (external pressure) actually generated more littering than messages making appeal to social normative standards concerning littering (internal pressure). Other data relevant to the model and areas in which additional research is needed also are discussed.