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1.
在项目间语义关系的熟悉性研究中, 一个关键问题是熟悉性效应依赖于哪种信息的加工, 关系概念还是抽象结构?研究通过两个实验, 借助无线索回忆再认范式(the recognition without cued recall paradigm, 简称RWCR范式)和四词类比材料, 采用混合设计, 直接分离与比较关系概念和抽象结构的加工对RWCR效应的影响。结果发现, 关系概念作为测验线索能够引发显著RWCR效应, 但仅仅学习关系概念却不能;只有学习关系概念的结构化材料时, 才能引发显著RWCR效应。该结果表明, 项目间语义关系的熟悉性过程与结构信息有关。  相似文献   

2.
本研究采用RWCR范式,从无线索回忆再认的视角考察了主题关系对熟悉性的影响。结果发现,主题关系能够引发无线索回忆再认效应。具体表现为,在回忆错误项目中,被试对与学过项目有主题关系线索的熟悉性评分显著高于与学过项目无主题关系线索的熟悉性评分。这一结果表明,个体在信息提取失败时,概念形式的语义信息也能引发基于熟悉性的再认判断。  相似文献   

3.
FOK的线索熟悉性假说与线索熟悉性判断   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
罗劲  林仲贤 《心理学报》1999,32(2):121-127
这项研究对FOK的线索熟悉性假说进行了进一步检验,该假说认为,人们是根据自已对记忆线索是否熟悉而作FOK判断的,研究结果表明,线索熟悉性判断与FOK判断是两种不同性质的判断,它们可以在相同的刺激模式下表现出不同的反应模式。  相似文献   

4.
刘泽军  刘伟 《心理科学进展》2022,30(10):2240-2253
当两个或两个以上项目进行一体化编码时, 熟悉性也能够支持联结再认, 这一观点已经得到大量研究证据的支持。然而, 关于一体化如何影响联结再认和构成联结的单个项目再认仍存在分歧。通过回顾现有研究发现:(1)一体化一致性是调节一体化与联结再认关系的重要因素; (2)认知资源有限和新/旧词语义相关性是影响一体化对项目再认作用的重要因素; (3)一体化的发生机制存在“项目假说”、“图式假说”以及“精细加工假说”三种可能的理论解释。未来研究不仅需要控制一体化一致性, 还可以比较不同一体化方式的作用大小以及探索一体化效应的毕生发展规律。  相似文献   

5.
双加工理论认为熟悉性和回想是情景记忆的两个独立过程,其重要证据是ERP研究中FN400和LPC可以分别指示熟悉性和回想。但也有研究证明FN400是概念启动和熟悉性共同作用的结果,而LPC也不能准确的反映回想加工,因此,将其作为双加工理论证据的可靠性需进一步讨论。未来需进一步明确概念启动和熟悉性影响FN400的前提条件,并在提高生态效度和控制额外变量的同时明晰LPC的指向性,同时探究熟悉性和回想在再认过程中的具体作用方式。  相似文献   

6.
本研究检验了情绪的效价和唤醒对记忆提取阶段熟悉性过程和回想过程的影响及其心理机制。结果发现,编码阶段无分心任务时,积极图片的高、低自信再认准确率均高于消极图片,而唤醒对于高自信再认准确率的影响只限于消极图片;在编码阶段设置分心任务时,发现积极和消极的高唤醒图片的高自信再认准确率显著高于低唤醒图片。这些结果说明情绪的效价影响了熟悉性和回想两类记忆过程,而唤醒只影响回想过程,效价效应是编码阶段被试调用认知资源对积极图片进行精细加工的结果,而唤醒对回想过程的影响是自动编码高唤醒刺激细节的结果。  相似文献   

7.
王晓娜  李琦  郭春彦 《心理科学》2011,34(5):1068-1071
该研究利用事件相关电位技术(ERPs),采用以汉字为实验材料的学习-再认范式,考察了语义相似性下回忆和熟悉性的分离。本实验结果表明:熟悉性效应主要体现在330-430ms的额区,而回忆效应主要体现在430-600ms的中央区和顶区。本实验在以汉字为实验材料的情况下证明了,早期额区的N400新旧效应反映了熟悉性,晚期顶区LPC新旧效应反映了回忆,从汉语材料的角度,为双加工过程假说提供了新的证据。  相似文献   

8.
对FOK的线索熟悉性假说的重新检验   总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
罗劲  林仲贤 《心理学报》1998,31(3):241-247
本研究的主要目标的,在于对FOK的线索熟悉性假说进行重新检验。研究发现:如果采用1*2设计而不是原来的1*4设计并且增大处理间的对比力度的话,就可以观察到某些原来不能被观察到的关键性差异,而这些差异是FOK的线索熟悉性假说不能解释的。  相似文献   

9.
叶晓红  陈幼贞  孟迎芳 《心理学报》2015,47(9):1101-1110
为了探究基于回想和熟悉性的外显记忆及基于启动的内隐记忆在编码阶段的认知加工差异, 该文采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术, 并结合迫选再认测验和相继记忆(Dm)范式, 把学习项目分为四类:随后记住、随后知道、随后启动及随后忘记。结果表明, 与启动关联的Dm效应表现在刺激后700 ms开始的中央区, 随后启动比随后忘记更为负走向, 即负走向的Dm效应; 与回想关联的Dm效应表现为从400 ms开始的右前额区正走向Dm效应以及800 ms开始的枕区负走向Dm效应, 而与熟悉性关联的Dm效应表现在300~400 ms的前额区及500~600 ms的顶区正走向Dm效应。为了进一步确定这些Dm效应与不同记忆类型的关联, 第二个实验中在编码阶段同时设置了干扰任务, 以探究编码干扰下Dm效应的变化, 结果发现, 在编码干扰的作用下, 与启动关联的中央区负走向Dm效应仍有存在, 而与两种外显记忆:回想和熟悉性关联的Dm效应发生了不同的变化, 即在编码干扰下并未发现任何与回想关联的Dm效应, 但与熟悉性关联的正走向Dm效应仍有存在, 主要表现在600~800 ms的右侧额区。综合这些结果, 表明回想、熟悉性与启动在编码阶段的脑机制应该存在着分离的现象。  相似文献   

10.
线索熟悉性与易接近性对FOK影响的实验研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘爱伦  孙延超 《心理科学》2004,27(2):261-263
本研究目的探讨线索熟悉性和易接近性与FOK判断的关系。两个实验以中文词为材料.采用重复启动操纵线索的熟悉性,用联想集大小操纵易接近性,线索词和目标词之间无联想关系。实验结果表明:线索熟悉性和易接近性都有促进FOK判断的作用,但二者对FOK的作用是独立的,且不同步。文章最后讨论了线索熟悉性与易接近性的控制条件可能影响二者在FOK判断上的关系。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Material consistent with knowledge/experience is generally more memorable than material inconsistent with knowledge/experience – an effect that can be more extreme in older adults. Four experiments investigated knowledge effects on memory with young and older adults. Memory for familiar and unfamiliar proverbs (Experiment 1) and for common and uncommon scenes (Experiment 2) showed similar knowledge effects across age groups. Memory for person-consistent and person-neutral actions (Experiment 3) showed a greater benefit of prior knowledge in older adults. For cued recall of related and unrelated word pairs (Experiment 4), older adults benefited more from prior knowledge only when it provided uniquely useful additional information beyond the episodic association itself. The current data and literature suggest that prior knowledge has the age-dissociable mnemonic properties of (1) improving memory for the episodes themselves (age invariant), and (2) providing conceptual information about the tasks/stimuli extrinsically to the actual episodic memory (particularly aiding older adults).  相似文献   

13.
    
Schema-consistent material that is aligned with an individual’s knowledge and experience is typically more memorable than abstract material. This effect is often more extreme in older adults and schema use can alleviate age deficits in memory. In three experiments, young and older adults completed memory tasks where the availability of schematic information was manipulated. Specifying nonobvious relations between to-be-remembered word pairs paradoxically hindered memory (Experiment 1). Highlighting relations within mixed lists of related and unrelated word pairs had no effect on memory for those pairs (Experiment 2). This occurred even though related word pairs were recalled better than unrelated word pairs, particularly for older adults. Revealing a schematic context in a memory task with abstract image segments also hindered memory performance, particularly for older adults (Experiment 3). The data show that processing schematic information can come with costs that offset mnemonic benefits associated with schema-consistent stimuli.  相似文献   

14.
    
Cue familiarity that is brought on by cue resemblance to memory representations is useful for judging the likelihood of a past occurrence with an item that fails to actually be retrieved from memory. The present study examined the extent to which this type of resemblance-based cue familiarity is used in future-oriented judgments made during retrieval failure. Cue familiarity was manipulated using a previously-established method of creating differing degrees of feature overlap between the cue and studied items in memory, and the primary interest was in how these varying degrees of cue familiarity would influence future-oriented feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments given in instances of cued recall failure. The present results suggest that participants do use increases in resemblance-based cue familiarity to infer an increased likelihood of future recognition of an unretrieved target, but not to the extent that they use it to infer an increased likelihood of past experience with an unretrieved target. During retrieval failure, the increase in future-oriented FOK judgments with increasing cue familiarity was significantly less than the increase in past-oriented recognition judgments with increasing cue familiarity.  相似文献   

15.
    
Identifying characteristics that distinguish between people with relatively good versus poor episodic memory is an important goal of eyewitness-memory research, as is identifying activities that can improve people’s ability to retrieve episodic memories. Consistency of hand preference is a trait associated with the quality of people’s episodic memory and repetitive saccade execution is an activity known to improve people’s ability to retrieve episodic memories. These factors were examined in relation to cued and free recall of a staged criminal event. Individuals with inconsistent hand preference (versus consistent) remembered more on a cued-recall test and also freely recalled a larger amount of victim information. Repetitive saccade execution did not increase cued recall but did increase free recall of victim information. Theoretical implications are discussed, as is potential practical significance, with an emphasis on the size of the observed effects.  相似文献   

16.
    
Enhanced emotional memory often comes at the cost of memory for surrounding background information. Narrowed-encoding theories suggest that this is due to narrowed attention for emotional information at encoding, leading to impaired encoding of background information. Recent work has suggested that an encoding-based theory may be insufficient. Here, we examined whether cued recall—instead of previously used recognition memory tasks—would reveal evidence that non-emotional information associated with emotional information was effectively encoded. Participants encoded positive, negative, or neutral objects on neutral backgrounds. At retrieval, they were given either the item or the background as a memory cue and were asked to recall the associated scene element. Counter to narrowed-encoding theories, emotional items were more likely than neutral items to trigger recall of the associated background. This finding suggests that there is a memory trace of this contextual information and that emotional cues may facilitate retrieval of this information.  相似文献   

17.
Prior research with four-part analogies suggests that people can detect that a novel word pair (e.g., “beaver:dam”) maps analogically onto a pair in memory (e.g., “robin:nest”) despite being unable to retrieve the pair from memory that is driving that detection. The present study demonstrates that the same type of detection during retrieval failure can occur when a story is used at test to illustrate a common aphorism that failed to be retrieved from an earlier list (e.g., “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” or “A watched pot never boils”). Given that prior research has suggested that analogy is related to insight, the present study also examined if such analogical detection during retrieval failure is related to the sense of presque vu, which is a term used to describe the subjective sense of an impending insight or discovery. Reports of presque vu during retrieval failure were associated with higher familiarity ratings. Participants were most likely to report presque vu after failing to identify the aphorism on the first attempt but before succeeding on the second attempt (relative to succeeding on the first attempt or failing altogether on both attempts). Additionally, instances of successful identification on the second attempt after a failed first attempt were more likely when presque vu was reported than when it was not. These patterns suggest that reports of presque vu may indicate impending retrieval of as yet unretrieved relevant information. However, instances of successful second attempt identification after initial failure occurred too infrequently to fully examine whether analogical resemblance to an unretrieved studied aphorism interacted with these patterns.  相似文献   

18.
    
Spacing repetitions typically improves memory (the spacing effect). In three cued recall experiments, we explored the relationship between working memory capacity and the spacing effect. People with higher working memory capacity are more accurate on memory tasks that require retrieval relative to people with lower working memory capacity. The experiments used different retention intervals and lags between repetitions, but were otherwise similar. Working memory capacity and spacing of repetitions both improved memory in most of conditions, but they did not interact, suggesting additive effects. The results are consistent with the ACT-R model’s predictions, and with a study-phase recognition process underpinning the spacing effect in cued recall.  相似文献   

19.
    
The concept of learning style is immensely popular despite the lack of evidence showing that learning style influences performance. This study tested the hypothesis that the popularity of learning style is maintained because it is associated with subjective aspects of learning, such as judgements of learning (JOLs). Preference for verbal and visual information was assessed using the revised Verbalizer‐Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). Then, participants studied a list of word pairs and a list of picture pairs, making JOLs (immediate, delayed, and global) while studying each list. Learning was tested by cued recall. The results showed that higher VVQ verbalizer scores were associated with higher immediate JOLs for words, and higher VVQ visualizer scores were associated with higher immediate JOLs for pictures. There was no association between VVQ scores and recall or JOL accuracy. As predicted, learning style was associated with subjective aspects of learning but not objective aspects of learning.  相似文献   

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