有一种爱叫友谊

我年轻时,非常傲慢自大,这是因为我有一个俊秀英武的外貌。其实,我那时只是个虚浮浅薄的人。我经常照镜子,对着我那张漂亮的脸自我陶醉。我上高中时就开始交女朋友,身边的女友像走马灯似的不停地换。     

与异性交往的天空不一定总是湛蓝

几个咨询电话和几封来信竟然凑巧是同一个主题：22岁左右的青年男女不知、不会或根本无法结交异性朋友!是我们的教育体制出了问题？是我们的学校教育出了问题？抑或是家长当管不管、干涉过多？还是年轻的未婚者天生就是交异性朋友的弱智？在社会、媒体、学校、家长一致讨伐早恋、暗恋危害的同时,我们有没有想到隐藏在这背后的深层次原因呢？     

儿童对秘密的理解与友谊关系的发展

儿童对秘密的理解在儿童心理发展上具有重要意义.它对于儿童认识世界、促进自我意识发展有重要作用.通过秘密的分享或保守,儿童学会友谊、信任和责任感等,从而加速社会化过程。本实验选用沃生等实验中的4个故事,以个别访谈的形式探查下列问题：1.儿童对秘密的理解;2.儿童会不会把朋友的秘密告诉母亲;3.儿童会不会把秘密告诉朋友;4.如果朋友把秘密告诉了别人会不会影响友谊关系。2方法2.1被试：从天津市普通幼儿园和小学随机抽取5、6、8、10、12岁儿童各20名,男女各半,智力正常.2.2材料：4种秘密的故事,犯错的秘密、天真的秘密、危险的…     

友谊和道德发展关系的理论和研究

该文从哲学的理论和心理学的实证两方面论述了友谊和道德的关系。认为友谊和道德是密不可分的：道德主要是一种人际结构,友谊基本上是一种道德现象,友谊还是道德发展的一个重要背景;友谊和道德具有一种潜在的对立性。最后提出了在友谊和道德领域值得注意的研究方向。     

学习困难儿童友谊质量、定向、孤独感的研究

采用问卷法对2－6年级学习困难儿童研究发现,与非学习困难儿童相比,学习困难儿童友谊质量、定向显著偏低,孤独感显著偏高;性别对学习困难儿童友谊质量、定向影响显著,孤独感受年龄影响显著,另外,学习困难儿童友谊质量、定向能够显著地负向预测孤独感。     

初中生友谊的发展特点

以638名初中生为被试,采用自编的友谊问卷,考察其友谊发展特点。结果发现:(1)友谊认知上,初一学生在关心与帮助和信任与尊重维度的得分高于初二学生,女生在关心与帮助、重情轻利和信任与尊重维度的得分高于男生;(2)友谊行为上,女生表现出更多的积极交往行为,而男生在竞争嫉妒维度的得分显著高于女生;(3)友谊情感存在性别差异,女生对友谊关系更为满意,男生体验到更高水平的社交焦虑;(4)不同友谊认知类型的初中生表现出不同的友谊行为,且具有不同的情感体验。     

进化心理学视角下的人类同性恋偏好

在人类进化过程中,繁衍的方式多种多样。对同性恋行为进行探讨,旨在从进化心理学的视角揭示其留存至今的奥秘。通过整合当前进化心理学关于同性恋行为的理论与实证研究,从基因遗传、激素调节及社会影响三个层面解析人类社会的同性恋现象,指出这三者相互交织、共同作用于个体的同性行为,间接促进人类繁衍,并在此基础上进一步阐明同性恋存在的意义。在社会变迁的历史背景中,有助于提高对同性恋行为的认知,推动社会发展的进化价值,为未来研究者探索同性恋进化的内在机制及跨学科研究提供新的思路,促使多角度思考“适者繁衍”的问题。

     

进化视角下病毒的多元认识论研究

现代医学在历经本体论和生理学疾病观之后走向成熟,同时也从实体和概念上建立并发展了对于病毒的理解。进化论疾病观兴起之后,对于病毒的认识走向深入,不满足于基于生理学和功能理论的“近因”解释,更加突出其演化历史的“远因”分析。通过探讨在进化维度下病毒所呈现出的动态演化的功能实体角色、生态演化角色、非对称的因果关系以及目的论式的理解等认识论特征,提出应当在“致病性实体”的概念基础上纳入“演化实体”“共生功能体”“关系性实体”概念,从而丰富和完善对其的认知与理解。     

青少年特质情感、朋友冲突解决策略对友谊质量的影响

为考察特质情感对青少年友谊质量的影响机制,以638名小学四年级至初中三年级青少年为被试,用问卷法考察青少年朋友冲突解决策略的类型和特点,采用结构方程模型进行分析。结果表明:(1)青少年朋友冲突解决策略类型包括反省和解、说服建议、消极情绪、忽视回避和攻击伤害五种,女生的反省和解策略得分高于男生,男生的攻击伤害策略得分高于女生。(2)积极情感以积极解决策略为中介预测积极友谊质量,积极情感还对积极友谊质量具有直接预测作用。(3)消极情感通过积极和消极的解决策略为中介,分别预测积极友谊质量和消极友谊质量;消极情感对于友谊质量没有直接预测作用。说明积极情感与消极情感是通过不同的路径、相对独立地影响友谊质量。     

基督徒的友谊

忠实的朋友,是稳固的保障;谁寻得了他,就是寻得了宝藏。忠实的朋友,是无价之宝,他的高贵无法衡量;金银也比不上他忠实的美好。忠实的朋友,是生命和不死的妙药;惟有敬畏上主的人,才能寻得。敬畏上主的人,才有真正的友谊,因为他怎样,他的朋友也怎样,(德6:14—17)     

班级朋友对抑郁的影响:一项社会网络分析

采用朋友提名和Beck抑郁问卷,以73个班级3034名大学生为被试,考察班级朋友网络中不同连接步数朋友的抑郁水平对个体抑郁的影响。结果发现:(1)互选朋友数量对抑郁存在显著的负向影响;(2)在控制了互选朋友数量的影响后,互选朋友中是否存在抑郁者,对个体自身的抑郁不具有显著的预测作用;(3)提名与被提名的直接朋友和两度距离朋友中,抑郁朋友数量对个体的抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用;(4)同性抑郁朋友的数量对个体的抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用,而异性抑郁朋友的数量对个体的抑郁则不具有显著的预测作用。综合上述结果可以得出以下结论:抑郁朋友在班级朋友网络中的影响范围仅限两度距离以内(包括两度),且这种影响不受朋友关系方向的限制。随着抑郁朋友的数量增多,个体抑郁的风险也显著增加,然而抑郁朋友对个体抑郁的影响,可能更多的是受到同性抑郁朋友的影响。     

Parenting Attitudes and the Self-Esteem of Young Children

Second-, third-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children evaluated relationship qualities of a self-nominated friend and a self-nominated very best friend over a 6-month school year period. Results demonstrated that 76% of the friend relationships and 50% of the very best friend relationships were maintained over the course of the study. Children in maintained friendships evaluated their relationships more positively and also reported having larger friendship networks in general compared with children whose friendships did not endure over time. Thus those with unstable relationships are having difficulty initiating new friendships as well. For very best friends, positive relationship qualities (e.g., caring) did not change over time for children in maintained relationships, while positive relationship qualities decreased over time for children in nonmaintained relationships. Further, no differences emerged between children in maintained and nonmaintained very best friendships on perceptions of negative relationship qualities (e.g., conflict).     

Cross-Sex Best Friendship Influences on Early Adolescent Cigarette and Alcohol Expectancies and Use

In this study, the author investigates the influences of cross-sex best friends in early adolescence in regard to cigarettes and alcohol. Specific goals include determining the prevalence of cross-sex best friendships, investigating expectancies and perceived approval of the use of cigarettes and alcohol, and examining substance use levels. A group of urban sixth, seventh, and eighth graders completed a survey that addressed these issues. Results indicate the presence of cross-sex best friendships in the sample. Significant findings on cross-sex best friends' influence include positive expectancies for alcohol in sixth (p = .006) grade, the perception of seventh graders that the best friend's attitudes about smoking (p = .003) and drinking (p = .001) are less negative, and higher levels of cigarette use in sixth (p = .001) and eighth (p = .024) grade and alcohol use in sixth (p = .008), seventh (p = .002), and eighth grades (p = .039).     

Effects of Friendship Circles on the Social Interactions of Elementary Age Students with Mild Disabilities

This study assessed the effects of Friendship Circles on the social interactions between students with mild disabilities and their nondisabled peers. A multiple probe design was used to analyze the social interactions during lunch. Data also were collected in the form of sociograms and anecdotal records. In addition, generalization was assessed during recess observations. Results indicated that the Friendship Circle intervention produced increases in appropriate interactions at lunch for all three students and for two there were increases in friendly play at recess. Anecdotal data suggested improved social interactions for two of the students throughout the day and improved social behaviors in the general education classroom such as cooperation during group activities. Implications for future research are discussed.     

Social support processes in early childhood friendship: A comparative study of ecological congruences in enacted support

Examined congruences between children's friendships and classroom social ecologies in three distinct settings, and poses that such congruences or social adaptations are aptly characterized as a process of enacted social support; i.e., an interpersonal transaction involving the reduction or evasion of stress. Data were derived from Corsaro's recent ethnographics of children's friendship and peer culture in a University Preschool (Corsaro, 1985) and Head Start center (Corsaro, 1994), and from Rizzo's (1989) ethnography of friendship development among first-grade children. Despite vast differences across settings, the nature and activities of children's friendships appeared consistently linked with specific organizational features in their life-worlds and in this way may constitute significant interpersonal and individual adaptations to that world. In this view, friendship is best seen not as a static entity, which children appropriate in a consistent fashion, but as a general and malleable concept, which they modify and use in a collaborative fashion to address shared psychosocial concerns. Findings are related to research on the link between perceived and enacted support, and on the interplay between relational and social support processes.     

Social Anxiety and Friendship Quality over Time

Abstract

High social anxiety in adults is associated with self-report of impaired friendship quality, but not necessarily with impairment reported by friends. Further, prospective prediction of social anxiety and friendship quality over time has not been tested among adults. We therefore examined friendship quality and social anxiety prospectively in 126 young adults (67 primary participants and 59 friends, aged 17–22 years); the primary participants were screened to be extreme groups to increase power and relevance to clinical samples (i.e., they were recruited based on having very high or very low social interaction anxiety). The prospective relationships between friendship quality and social anxiety were then tested using an Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Friendship quality prospectively predicted social anxiety over time within each individual in the friendship, such that higher friendship quality at Time 1 predicted lower social anxiety approximately 6 months later at Time 2. Social anxiety did not predict friendship quality. Although the results support the view that social anxiety and friendship quality have an important causal relationship, the results run counter to the assumption that high social anxiety causes poor friendship quality. Interventions to increase friendship quality merit further consideration.     

儿童的两种亲密人际关系:亲子依恋与友谊

以城市三所普通小学四、五、六年级的505名学生为被试,用问卷调查、团体施测的方式,探讨儿童亲子依恋与其友谊的关系,结果发现：在儿童友谊质量方面,父、母均有影响,在友谊的数量,如好朋友提名分方面母亲的作用也是显见的;亲子依恋特质的两成分(信赖、亲近)对儿童友谊质量的积极特征和冲突水平有相对不同预测力。