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1.
La signification quantitative de la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées peut être évaluée, quoique sans précision,
dans l'analyse humain-capitale de revenus. Les déficits de revenus des immigrés peuvent surgir de: (a) la qualité immigrée
inférieure de compétence, (b) sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées, et (c) injustices de salaire pour des immigrés
faisant la même chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigènesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses études, données des micro-données
1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées est significative, cependant moins ainsi
que le salaire inégal dans des métiers. En 1996 dollars, tout le déficit immigré annuel de revenus de chacune des trois sources
était 15,0 milliards, dont15,0 milliards, dont 2,4 milliards ont été liés à la sous-utilisation de compétence, et 12,6 milliards ont é té lié s à l¢ injustice de salaire. La discussion considè re des ajustements à ces é valuations, tenant compte des difficulté s mesurant les niveaux de compé tence des mé tiers et de la qualité immigré e de compé tence. < / div > < div class=Ä bstract» < a name=Ä bs2» < / a > The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human- capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: ( a) lower immigrant skill quality, ( b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and ( c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work native- born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro- data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was12,6 milliards ont été liés
à l'injustice de salaire. La discussion considère des ajustements à ces évaluations, tenant compte des difficultés mesurant
les niveaux de compétence des métiers et de la qualité immigrée de compétence. 相似文献
2.
The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human-capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: (a) lower immigrant skill quality, (b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and (c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work as native-born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro-data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was 15.0 billion, of which15.0 billion, of which 2.4 billion was related to skill underutilization, and 12.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality. < / div > < div class=Ä bstract» < a name=Ä bs2» < / a > La signification quantitative de la sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es peut ê tre é valué e, quoique sans pré cision, dans l¢ analyse humain- capitale de revenus. Les dé ficits de revenus des immigré s peuvent surgir de: ( a) la qualité immigré e infé rieure de compé tence, ( b) sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es, et ( c) injustices de salaire pour des immigré s faisant la mê me chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigè nesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses é tudes, donné es des micro- donné es 1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es est significative, cependant moins ainsi que le salaire
112.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality. 相似文献
3.
The aim of this paper is to offer a rigorous explication of statements ascribing ability to agents and to develop the logic of such statements. A world is said to be feasible iff it is compatible with the actual past-and-present. W is a P-world iff W is feasible and P is true in W (where P is a proposition). P is a sufficient condition for Q iff every P world is a Q world. P is a necessary condition for Q iff Q is a sufficient condition for P. Each individual property S is shown to generate a rule for an agent X. X heeds S iff X makes all his future choices in accordance with S. (Note that X may heed S and yet fail to have it). S is a P-strategy for X iff X's heeding S together with P is a necessary and sufficient condition for X to have S. ( P-strategies are thus rules which X is able to implement on the proviso P). Provisional opportunity: X has the opportunity to A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X and X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A. P is etiologically complete iff for every event E which P reports P also reports an etiological ancestry of E, and P is true. Categorical opportunity: X has the opportunity to A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X has the opportunity to A provided P. For X to have the ability to A there must not only be an appropriate strategy, but X must have a command of that strategy. X steadfastly intends A iff X intends A at every future moment at which his doing A is not yet inevitable. X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P iff X's steadfastly intending A together with P is a sufficient condition for X to implement S. Provisional ability: X can A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X, X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A, and X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P. Categorical ability: X can A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X can A provided P. X is free w.r.t. to A iff X can A and X can non- A. X is free iff there is an A such that X is free w.r.t. A. 相似文献
4.
Summary The sentential calculi R, under discussion, are axiomatizable and implication is among their primitive terms. The modus ponens and the rule of substitution
are their primitive rules. By S
r
is denoted the set of sentences obtained from the formulae of the calculus R by substituting sentences of a given language for all variables. The variables x, y, z ... represent the elements of the set S
r
, the variables X, Y, Z ... represent the subsets of S
R
. The formula cxy designates an implication with x as its antecedent and y as its consequent, cxy is always an element of S
R
δ(X) means, that X is closed with respect to the modus ponens rule. A
R
designates the class of all S
R
-substitutions of the axioms of the sentential calculus R. 相似文献
5.
Let L be any modal or tense logic with the finite model property. For each m, define r
L
( m) to be the smallest number r such that for any formula A with m modal operators, A is provable in L if and only if A is valid in every L-model with at most r worlds. Thus, the function r
L
determines the size of refutation Kripke models for L. In this paper, we will give an estimation of r
L
( m) for some linear modal and tense logics L. 相似文献
7.
This paper introduces the logic QLETF, a quantified extension of the logic of evidence and truth LETF, together with a corresponding sound and complete first-order non-deterministic valuation semantics. LETF is a paraconsistent and paracomplete sentential logic that extends the logic of first-degree entailment (FDE) with a classicality operator ∘ and a non-classicality operator ∙, dual to each other: while ∘A entails that A behaves classically, ∙A follows from A’s violating some classically valid inferences. The semantics of QLETF combines structures that interpret negated predicates in terms of anti-extensions with first-order non-deterministic valuations, and completeness is obtained through a generalization of Henkin’s method. By providing sound and complete semantics for first-order extensions of FDE, K3, and LP, we show how these tools, which we call here the method of anti-extensions + valuations, can be naturally applied to a number of non-classical logics. 相似文献
8.
I examine the claim, made by some authors, that we sometimes acquire knowledge from falsehood. I focus on two representative cases in which a subject S infers a proposition q from a false proposition p. If S knows that q, I argue, S's false belief that p is not essential to S's cognition. S's knowledge is instead due to S's belief that p′, a proposition in the neighbourhood of p that S (dispositionally) believes (and knows). S thus knows despite her false belief. The widely accepted and plausible principle that inferential knowledge requires known premises is unscathed. 相似文献
9.
Consider an old test X consisting of s sections and two new tests Y and Z similar to X consisting of p and q sections respectively. All subjects are given test X plus two variable sections from either test Y or Z. Different pairings of variable sections are given to each subsample of subjects. We present a method of estimating the covariance matrix of the combined test ( X
1, ..., X
s
, Y
1, ..., Y
p
, Z
1, ..., Z
q
) and describe an application of these estimation techniques to linear, observed-score, test equating.The author is indebted to Paul W. Holland and Donald B. Rubin for their encouragement and many helpful comments and suggestions that contributed significantly to the development of this paper.This research was supported by the Program Statistics Research Project of the ETS Research Statistics Group. 相似文献
10.
In this paper we prove the equivalence between the Gentzen system G
LJ*\c
, obtained by deleting the contraction rule from the sequent calculus LJ* (which is a redundant version of LJ), the deductive system IPC*\ c and the equational system associated with the variety RL of residuated lattices. This means that the variety RL is the equivalent algebraic semantics for both systems G
LJ*\c
in the sense of [18] and [4], respectively. The equivalence between G
LJ*\c
and IPC*\ c is a strengthening of a result obtained by H. Ono and Y. Komori [14, Corollary 2.8.1] and the equivalence between G
LJ*\c
and the equational system associated with the variety RL of residuated lattices is a strengthening of a result obtained by P.M. Idziak [13, Theorem 1].An axiomatization of the restriction of IPC*\ c to the formulas whose main connective is the implication connective is obtained by using an interpretation of G
LJ*\c
in IPC*\ c. 相似文献
11.
The theory of rough sets starts with the notion of an approximation space, which is a pair ( U, R), U being the domain of discourse, and R an equivalence relation on U. R is taken to represent the knowledge base of an agent, and the induced partition reflects a granularity of U that is the result of a lack of complete information about the objects in U. The focus then is on approximations of concepts on the domain, in the context of the granularity. The present article studies
the theory in the situation where information is obtained from different sources. The notion of approximation space is extended
to define a multiple-source approximation system with distributed knowledge base, which is a tuple ( U, RP) Pßf N(U,R_P)_{P\ss_f N}, where N is a set of sources and P ranges over all finite subsets of N. Each R
P
is an equivalence relation on U satisfying some additional conditions, representing the knowledge base of the group P of sources. Thus each finite group of sources and hence individual source perceives the same domain differently (depending
on what information the group/individual source has about the domain), and the same concept may then have approximations that
differ with the groups. In order to express the notions and properties related with rough set theory in this multiple-source
situation, a quantified modal logic LMSAS
D
is proposed. In LMSAS
D
, quantification ranges over modalities, making it different from modal predicate logic and modal logic with propositional
quantifiers. Some fragments of LMSAS
D
are discussed and it is shown that the modal system KTB is embedded in LMSAS
D
. The epistemic logic S5 DnS5^D_n is also embedded in LMSAS
D
, and cannot replace the latter to serve our purpose. The relationship of LMSAS
D
with first and second-order logics is presented. Issues of expressibility, axiomatization and decidability are addressed. 相似文献
12.
A commutative BCK-algebra with the relative cancellation property is a commutative BCK-algebra ( X;*,0) which satisfies the condition: if a ≤ x, a ≤ y and x * a = y * a, then x = y. Such BCK-algebras form a variety, and the category of these BCK-algebras is categorically equivalent to the category of
Abelian ℓ-groups whose objects are pairs ( G, G
0), where G is an Abelian ℓ-group, G
0 is a subset of the positive cone generating G
+ such that if u, v ∈ G
0, then 0 ∨ ( u - v) ∈ G
0, and morphisms are ℓ-group homomorphisms h: ( G, G
0) → ( G′, G′ 0) with f( G
0) ⫅ G′ 0. Our methods in particular cases give known categorical equivalences of Cornish for conical BCK-algebras and of Mundici for
bounded commutative BCK-algebras (= MV-algebras).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Book reviewed: Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered by Leora Batnitzky (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) x + 281 pp. Reviewed by Charles T. Mathewes Department of Religious StudiesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA 22904‐4126SA Violence, Hospitality, and the Cross: Reappropriating the Atonement Tradition by Hans Boersma (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2004) + 288 pp. Reviewed by Gladstone H. Stevens, S.S. St. Mary's Seminary and University5400 Roland Ave.Baltimore, MD 21210USA The Creativity of God: World, Eucharist, Reason by Oliver Davies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xi + 210 pp. Reviewed by Matthew Levering Ave Maria University1025 Commons CircleNaples, Florida 34119USA Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003) xxii + 745 pp. Reviewed by Stephen Fowl Department of TheologyLoyola College in Maryland4501 N. Charles StreetBaltimore, MD 21210USA Culture and the Thomist Tradition after Vatican II by Tracey Rowland (London and New York: Routledge, 2003) xiv + 226 pp. Reviewed by Joseph Wawrykow Department of TheologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana46556USA Spinoza's Revelation: Religion, Democracy, and Reason by Nancy K. Levene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xxii + 256pp. Reviewed by Martin Kavka Department of ReligionFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL 32306‐1520USA Religion and the Domestication of Dissent: Or How to Live in a Less than Perfect Nation by Russell T. McCutcheon (London: Equinox, 2005) xi + 123 pp. Reviewed by Stefan Skrimshire 75 Rockdove AvenueHulmeManchesterM15 5EHUK Furthering Humanity: A Theology of Culture by Timothy Gorringe (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2004) vi + 283 pp. Reviewed by J. Matthew Ashley Department of TheologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, IN 46556USA Flannery O’Connor and the Christ‐Haunted South by Ralph C. Wood (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004) xii + 272 pp. Reviewed by Frederick C. Bauerschmidt Department of TheologyLoyola College4501 N. Charles StreetBaltimore, MD 21210USA 相似文献
14.
The contribution to self-reported fears of individual differences in extraversion-introversion ( E) and neuroticism ( N) was studied in 102 female college students. Four groups of 20 Ss each were constituted - high E high N, high E low N, low E high N, and low E low N. A fear survey schedule and the Eysenck Personality Inventory were employed. By analysis of variance, total fear scores were a significant function of N but not E. Extreme or phobic fears were a significant function of neither personality dimensions, though the N effect approached conventional significance levels. Correlational analyses on the full sample confirmed these findings, except that a statistically significant though slight (6 percent) proportion of extreme fear variance was accountable by N. 相似文献
15.
Applications of Bayesian conditionalization often involve two temporal aspects: a probability judgment is based on knowledge at a point in time and is revised over time in light of added information. Let t, t′, and t″ designate three chronological points in time. E designates a target event which occurs or not at t″, and C designates a conditioning event which occurs or not at t′. Suppose that an individual judges P( EC) at t. If C occurs, Bayesian conditionalization requires that a judgment of P( E) at t′ is equal to the earlier judgment of P( EC). However, inconsistencies may result because a judgment of P( EC) at t is based on imagining C, while a judgment of P( E) at t′ is based on experiencing C. This study examines two sources of such inconsistencies. First, C normally is an abstraction of what might happen between t and t′. What actually happens may differ, such that an individual observes extraconditional information which affects a judgment of P( E) at t′. Second, experiencing C may change an individual's affective state, leading to greater optimism or pessimism about the occurrence of E. We report an experiment which documents both effects. 相似文献
16.
People often test hypotheses about two variables ( X and Y), each with two levels (e.g., X1 and X2). When testing “If X1, then Y1,” observing the conjunction of X1 and Y1 is overwhelmingly perceived as more supportive than observing the conjunction of X2 and Y2, although both observations support the hypothesis. Normatively, the X2& Y2 observation provides stronger support than the X1& Y1 observation if the former is rarer. Because participants in laboratory settings typically test hypotheses they are unfamiliar with, previous research has not examined whether participants are sensitive to the rarity of observations. The experiment reported here showed that participants were sensitive to rarity, even judging a rare X2& Y2 observation more supportive than a common X1& Y1 observation under certain conditions. Furthermore, participants’ default strategy of judging X1& Y1 observations more informative might be generally adaptive because hypotheses usually regard rare events. 相似文献
17.
In this paper, I consider whether a reading of Kant's solution to the Third Antinomy can offer material for devising a new model of transcendental argument. The problem that this form of argument is meant to address is an antinomy between two apparently contradictory claims, q and ¬ q, where we seem equally justified in holding both. The model has the following form: p; q is a necessary condition of p; the only justification we have for q is that it is a necessary condition of p; p is justified only in domain X (where X is a domain of objects of cognition); therefore, q is justified only in domain X. Because the argument shows that our justification for q is valid only in X, it also establishes that there is conceptual space to hold ¬ q outside of X. 相似文献
18.
This paper is a study of certain aspects of restricted ranking, a method intended for use by a panel of m judges evaluating the relative merits of N subjects, candidates for scholarships, awards, etc. Each judge divides the N subjects into R classes so that n
i individuals receive a grade i ( i = 1, 2, ..., R; Σ n
i
= N) where the R numbers n
i
are close to N/R ( n
i
= N/R when N is divisible by R) and are preassigned and the same for all judges. This method is superior in several respects to other likely alternatives.
Under the null hypothesis that all nR = N subjects are of equal merit, four tests of significance are developed. The effectiveness of the method is investigated both
theoretically by means of the asymptotic relative efficiency and more generally by simulation studies. When the numbers n
i
are not restricted to values close to or equal to N/R but instead are given values conforming to a normally distributed pattern, the resulting method is known as the Q-sort, so designated by certain investigators in psychotherapy. The simulation studies reveal that restricted ranking is only
slightly inferior to complete ranking and generally superior in the cases considered to the Q-sort, although there are likely to be other situations when the latter is superior.
The authors are indebted to Dr. Clyde Kramer of Virginia Polytechnic Institute for bringing the Q-sort ranking technique of psychotherapy to their attention. 相似文献
19.
Given ht as the hypothesis of theism, hm as the hypothesis of materialism, and e as the evidence of a complex life-bearing universe, Richard Swinburne presents these arguments in The Existence of God: (1) that this ordered universe is a priori improbable, given the stringent requirements for life and the Second Law of Thermodynamics; (2) that this universe's structure is evidence for theism, and that theism therefore explains this universe; Swinburne argues that because P( e| ht) > P( e| hm), it follows that P( ht| e)> P( hm| e); and (3) a theistic explanation for the universe is more probable because it is simpler; therefore it is more likely that God exists than not. As I have addressed (3) in a prior paper, this paper will address the Bayesian argument that Swinburne offers in (2), i.e. that P( e| ht)> P( e). In the paper I draw a number of conclusions, most pertinently, that Hacking's Total Probability Rule (TPR) for cases of mutually exclusive hypotheses [ ht vs hm] and evidence e entails that ht can only be confirmed if P( e|~ ht) is low. I also conclude that if we follow the TPR for Swinburne's argument, we achieve the result that theism is at best slightly improbable, or equiprobable with materialism. 相似文献
20.
Book reviewed in this article: The Celtic Church in Britain. By Leslie Hardinge . Cardinal Contarini at Regensburg By Peter Matheson . Newman and the Common Tradition By John Coulson . Baron Friedrich Von Hügel and the Modernist Crisis in England By Lawrence F. Barmann . The Bible and the Ancient Near East By Roland DE Vaux . Understanding the Old Testament. Edited by O. Jessie Lace . The Making of the Old Testament. Edited by Enid B. Mellor . Exodus . By Ronald E. Clements . Isaiah 1–12: a Commentary By Otto Kaiser . The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic By Klaus Koch . Translated by Margaret Kohl . The Future of the World. By Matthias Rissi . Herod Antipas. By Harold W. Hoehner . Revelation and Theology: An analysis of the Barth-Harnack correspondence of 1923. By H. Martin Rumscheidt . Protestant Theology in Nineteenth Century. Its Background and History. By Karl Barth . Theologie vor Gericht. Der Fall Wilhelm Koch—Ein Bericht. By Max Seckler . L'Esprit Saint et L'Église. By E. Trocmé and others. Ecclesia a Spiritu Santo Edocta. Mélanges théologiques: Hommage à Mgr Gérard Philips. By J. Coppens and others. Forbid Them Not: The Importance and History of General Baptism. By R. R. Osborn . Meaning and Method: Prolegomena to a Scientific Philosophy of Religion and a Scientific Theology. By Anders Nygren . The Ontological Argument. By Jonathan Barnes . The Argument from Design. By Thomas Mc Pherson . Religious Experience. By T. R. Miles . The Concept of Worship. By Ninian Smart . Logical Analysis and Contemporary Theism. By John Donnelly . Knowing the Unknown God. By William Joseph Hill . The Culture of Unbelief. Edited by Rocco Caporale and Antonio Grumelli . Work, Society and Culture. Edited by Vukan Kuic . The Social Reality of Ethics: The Comparative Analysis of Moral Codes. By John H. Barnsley . Agent, Action and Reason. Edited by Robert Brinkley , Richard Bronaugh and Ausonio Marras Praxis and Action. By Richard Bernstein . The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud. By J. Preston Cole . Histoire et Absolu: essai sur Kierkegaard. By Jacques Colette . Freud: Living and Dying. By Max Schur . 相似文献
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