编码和检索阶段的异质情境流畅性对再认的影响

研究采用经典的R/K范式，通过两个实验分别探讨编码阶段和检索阶段的异质情境流畅性对再认的影响。实验1为2（异质情境：高流畅性预期情境和低流畅性预期情境）×2（测试词类型：目标词和分心词）的混合实验设计，异质情境发生在编码阶段；实验2与实验1设计相同，不同之处在于异质情境发生在检索阶段。结果发现：异质情境发生在检索阶段时只对K反应产生影响，目标词在高流畅性情境中比低流畅性情境中的K反应率更高，而分心词在低流畅性情境中比高流畅性情境中的K反应率更高。研究表明，检索阶段的异质情境流畅性只影响熟悉性再认，支持双系统加工理论。     

人际关系和自我概念对生命意义的影响：一项追踪研究

对1087名大学生进行为期1年的追踪研究，考察人际关系和自我概念对生命意义的影响，以及自我概念在人际关系与生命意义间的中介效应。结果显示：(1)人际关系、自我概念和生命意义之间存在同时性和继时性正相关；(2)在时间点1和时间点2，人际关系、自我概念和生命意义均两两相互预测；(3)人际关系和自我影响均影响生命意义，以及在人际关系与生命意义的关系中，自我概念起部分中介作用。即人际关系通过自我概念进而影响生命意义体验。结果表明，可以通过改善人际关系和提高自我概念来提升个体的生命意义感。即带着一颗自我肯定之心，积极参与到社会互动中去。     

高难度材料的元记忆监测更受记忆广度的制约

以不同难度(有、无意义联系)的两种中文词对为记忆材料,随机选取在校大学生200名,采用经典的回忆-判断-再认(recall-judgement-recognition,RJR)范式,考察短时记忆广度和一般自我效能感对个体在不同难度材料上元记忆监测的影响。结果发现,相比于无意义联系的材料,个体在有意义联系的材料上,JOL、FOK和JOC判断等级更高,线索回忆测验成绩更好。但是,个体在不同材料上的JOL判断和线索回忆受短时记忆广度的调节。不同短时记忆广度的个体在有意义联系材料上的JOL判断等级和线索回忆测验成绩无显著差异,但是在无意义联系材料上,高短时记忆广度个体的JOL判断等级和线索回忆测验成绩均显著高于低短时记忆广度个体。同时,相关分析结果也发现,相比于低短时记忆广度的个体,高短时记忆广度的个体,其线索回忆测验成绩和再认测验成绩与JOL、FOK和JOC判断等级之间更加相关。实验结果表明,作为一种人格变量,一般自我效能感对个体元记忆监测的影响可能并不明显。而短时记忆广度,很大程度上反映了个体的记忆能力,是个体元记忆监测的一个重要影响因素,尤其是对难度较大的材料。     

偶像参照与自我参照对面孔再认任务的影响

采用面孔再认范式,比较了自我面孔融合图片与偶像面孔融合图片对面孔再认任务的影响。结果表明偶像组和普通组差异不显著,而自我组反应时显著更高,正确率显著更低,基于此本文提出自我概念中包含偶像成分的观点。     

矛盾态度对个体信息加工的影响：外显与内隐层面的比较

本研究采用“学习—再认”范式从外显和内隐两个层面探讨了矛盾态度对个体信息加工的影响。结果发现：（1）在两种加工条件下,高外显矛盾态度个体对态度客体信息再认反应时均显著短于低外显矛盾态度个体;（2）在有意加工条件下高内隐矛盾态度个体再认反应时显著长于低内隐矛盾态度个体,在无意加工条件下高低内隐矛盾组的再认反应时差异不显著;（3）对态度客体无关材料高内隐矛盾态度个体再认反应时显著长于低内隐矛盾态度个体,对有关材料二者的反应时差异不显著。该结果表明,外显与内隐的矛盾态度对个体的信息加工具有不同的影响路径,这为进一步探讨外显和内隐矛盾态度对个体心理与行为的影响机制提供了借鉴。     

死亡启动影响自我参照记忆的年龄差异

以往研究表明对死亡不可避免性的认识使人类产生死亡焦虑,并且为了降低该焦虑,年轻人倾向于抑制生理自我加工;然而相比年轻人,老年人对死亡的接受程度更高,并且自我抑制能力减弱。因此本研究采用死亡启动范式,探讨了死亡对自我相关记忆的影响以及可能存在的年龄差异。实验一以大学生为被试,结果发现死亡启动后,个体对自我相关信息的再认率显著低于消极启动后;实验二以老年人为被试,结果发现死亡启动后,个体对自我相关信息的再认率与消极启动后无差异。上述结果说明,死亡启动对自我相关记忆的影响存在年龄差异。在大学生中,死亡启动使个体抑制自我相关信息,而在老年人中该抑制效应并不存在。     

自尊和同伴压力对关联性错误记忆的影响

目的:探索不同自尊水平的初中生在无同伴压力或有同伴压力下完成记忆任务时,产生的关联性错误记忆情况.方法:使用自尊量表(SES)从78名中学生中挑出高自尊和低自尊学生42人,采用错误记忆研究的DRM范式,探讨自尊、同伴压力对关联性错误记忆的影响.结论:(1)关键诱饵的错误再认率高于有关项目和无关项目,有关项目的错误再认率高于无关项目；(2)自尊和同伴压力对关联性错误记忆会产生影响,高自尊和低自尊被试在有无同伴压力条件下对三种未学习词的错误再认率有所不同；在有同伴压力条件下,三种未学习词的错误再认率在高自尊被试和低自尊被试间都不存在显著差异,产生了记忆一致性效应.     

人际关系感知影响记忆从众

采用记忆再认范式,通过词组再认任务(实验一)和图形偏好选择任务(实验二)操纵同伴赞同率,诱发对不同赞同率下人际关系的感知,探索感知到的人际关系对个体记忆从众的影响。两个实验一致发现,被试对高赞同率的同伴更为信任、与他们的关系也更为亲密;更重要的是,被试的回忆也与高赞同率同伴的记忆更为一致(即回忆更为从众),具体表现为,同伴判断正确时,被试的词组再认正确率更高,同伴判断错误时,被试的词组再认正确率更低。实验二还发现,被试与同伴一起回忆时的正确率要低于被试单独回忆的正确率,从众倾向降低了被试的记忆准确度。本研究表明,情境诱发的短期人际关系的变化会影响记忆从众;回忆不单纯是一个基本认知过程,它可以受到社会关系、社会认知的调节。     

认知负荷对网页广告加工过程的影响

利用眼动记录技术,以33名大学生为被试,探讨了认知负荷对网页广告加工过程的影响。结果发现：（1）不同认知负荷水平下被试对网页广告的再认率存在显著差异,低认知负荷条件下的再认率较高,高认知负荷条件下的再认率较低;（2）与高认知负荷条件相比,被试在低认知负荷条件下对网页广告的注视次数更多,凝视时间更长。实验表明,认知负荷影响网页广告的加工过程。     

考试焦虑对错误记忆的影响

采用认知考试焦虑量表从550名高一学生中筛选出75名不同考试焦虑水平的学生,运用Deese-Roediger-McDermott范式(DRM范式)诱发错误记忆,考察考试焦虑对错误记忆的影响。结果显示:(1)DRM范式能有效诱发个体对未呈现的关键诱词产生错误记忆;(2)中等考试焦虑水平的学生产生的错误记忆最少;(3)高考试焦虑水平的学生在高唤醒情境下对关键诱词的再认错误率显著高于中、低唤醒情境下的个体。使学生保持中度考试焦虑能减少错误记忆,提高认知成绩。     

年轻男同性恋者自我概念清晰性与生命意义感的关系及作用机制

通过网络抽样法对405名年轻男同性恋者进行问卷调查,考察年轻男同性恋者自我概念清晰性与生命意义感的关系,并探讨内化同性恋嫌恶和应对自我效能感在其间的作用机制。结果表明：（1）年轻男同性恋者自我概念清晰性与生命意义感呈显著正相关。（2）内化同性恋嫌恶、应对自我效能感在自我概念清晰性与生命意义感间起链式中介作用。（3）应对自我效能感在自我概念清晰性与生命意义感间起中介作用。     

免费师范生职业认同感与生命意义的关系

该研究采用师范生职业认同感量表和生命态度剖面图(LAP)中的"生命意义的追寻与肯定"分量表,对258名一至三年级的免费师范生进行问卷调查,探讨免费师范生职业认同感与生命意义的关系。结果表明,免费师范生职业认同感及其各因子均与生命意义及其各因子呈显著正相关;高中低不同职业认同感组的生命意义及其各因子的组别效应显著;免费师范生职业认同感的职业效能、职业意愿与期望、职业价值三因子是生命意义的显著预测变量。     

Self-concept clarity and religious orientations: prediction of purpose in life and self-esteem

The present study concerns the relationship between self-concept clarity, religiosity, and well-being, as well as the mediating influence of religiosity on the relationship between self-concept clarity and sense of meaning in life and self-esteem. Self-concept clarity was found to be a significant predictor of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem; intrinsic religious orientation was found to be a predictor of sense of meaning in life, while the quest religious orientation was a predictor for self-esteem. The cross-products of self-concept clarity and intrinsic religious orientation were found to be related to the sense of purpose in life, which would point to religiosity being a mediator of the relationship between self-concept clarity and sense of purpose in life. The cross-products of self-concept clarity and quest religious orientation were found to be a predictor of self-esteem, which indicates a mediating effect of this religious orientation in the relationship of self-concept clarity and self-esteem.     

控制感与老年人生命意义：自我认同和政策支持的作用

本研究探讨了控制感、自我认同、对政策支持的感知等因素如何影响老年人的生命意义感。通过对300多名来自北京、香港和台北的老年人的调查，发现控制感和政策支持对老年人生命意义感的影响显着，二者不仅主效应显着，同时存在交互作用。进一步的分析还发现：政策支持在控制感与生命意义感的关系中起调节作用——高政策支持感增强了控制对生命意义感的正向作用；自我认同在控制感与生命意义感的关系中起部分中介作用。结果对积极应对老龄化问题与增进老年人身心健康有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Meaning Made of Stress among Veterans Transitioning to College: Examining Unique Associations with Suicide Risk and Life‐Threatening Behavior

Meaning made of stress has been shown to be a unique predictor of mental and physical health. In this study, we examined the unique associations between two facets of meaning made of stress (comprehensibility and footing in the world) and suicide risk and life‐threatening behavior among military veterans who have transitioned to college were examined, controlling for demographic factors, religiousness, combat‐related physical injury, combat exposure, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings suggest that comprehensibility (having “made sense” of a stressor) is uniquely associated with lower suicide risk and a lower likelihood of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol and engaging in self‐mutilating behaviors.     

意义治疗的团体辅导对于戒毒者复吸倾向的影响

摘 要: 考察意义治疗的团体辅导对于戒毒者复吸倾向的干预效果。选择生命意义感较低的被试18名进入实验组,并选择与其分数匹配的18名被试组成对照组。后测结果表明,与控制组相比,实验组被试的价值感、效能感、成就感和生命意义感均有显著提升,复吸倾向显著降低。结论: 意义治疗的团体辅导能够显著提高戒毒人员的创造性价值类生命意义源和生命意义感,显著降低其复吸倾向。提升创造价值与对苦难的理解是提高生命意义感的有效途径。     

Toward an Understanding of “The Sex Game”: The Effects of Gender and Self-Monitoring on Perceptions of Sexuality and Likability in Initial Interactions1

Results of several studies indicate that men attribute more sexual meaning to heterosexual interactions than do women. Based on Abbey's (1982) findings, we hypothesized that males, in comparison to females, would attribute more sexuality to opposite-sex partners. Based on findings from several self-monitoring dating studies, we predicted that high self-monitors would rate their partners and themselves higher on sexuality and likability traits than would low self-monitors. A laboratory study was conducted in which mixed-sex pairs of participants discussed their likes and dislikes about college life. Participants then rated themselves and their opposite-sex partners on a set of sexuality and likability trait adjectives and indicated their interest in getting to know their partner better. Results supported the gender hypotheses, whereas they only partially supported the self-monitoring predictions. The self-monitoring effects on self-ratings of sexuality and partner ratings of likability are used to explain why high self-monitors are more successful than low self-monitors in establishing heterosexual relationships.     

World isolation and meaning in segmentation

The effect of meaning and isolation of words on the acquisition of segmentation of words in sentences was examined with an artificial miniature language composed of Mandarin Chinese quasi-elements. Forty undergraduate students participated in one of four groups: Word No Meaning, Word Meaning, Sentence No Meaning, or Sentence Meaning. In each group the subjects listened to the same set of words, either as isolated words or in sentences. Additionally, the meaning groups saw accompanying pictorial representations of isolated words or sentences. Pretest and posttest assessments indicated that isolation of words is a significant factor in word segmentation for an initial word set restricted in size when meaning is not provided. When meaning is provided, the isolation of words apparently does not influence word segmentation performance.     

Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors

People perceive their life as meaningful when they find coherence in the environment. Given that meaning of life is tied to making sense of life events, people who lack meaning would be more threatened by stressful life events than those with a strong sense of meaning in life. Four studies demonstrated links between perceptions of life’s meaningfulness and perceived levels of stress. In Study 1, participants with lower levels of meaning in life reported greater stress than those who reported higher meaning in life. In Study 2 and Study 3, participants whose meaning in life had been threatened experienced greater stress than those whose meaning in life had been left intact. In Study 4, anticipation of future stress caused participants to rate themselves higher on the quest for meaning in life. These findings suggest that perceiving life as meaningful functions as a buffer against stressors.