规则聚焦对创业决策的影响机制

在创业决策的研究中,决策规则是一个被忽视的问题。研究调查了277名创业者,对被试的四种规则聚焦水平进行了协方差分析和分组回归分析。结果发现,因为规则聚焦的不同,创业决策的效标存在较大差异,且机会识别与创业决策之间的关系存在紧密性、选择性和偶发性三种关联模式。     

Self-Report Measures of Individual Differences in Regulatory Focus: A Cautionary Note

Regulatory focus theory distinguishes between two independent structures of strategic inclination, promotion versus prevention. However, the theory implies two potentially independent definitions of these inclinations, the self-guide versus the reference-point definitions. Two scales (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire, Higgins al., 2001, and the General Regulatory Focus Measure, Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002) have been widely used to measure dispositional regulatory focus. We suggest that these two scales align respectively with the two definitions, and find that the two scales are largely uncorrelated. Both conceptual and methodological implications are discussed.     

当前临床决策的问题及对策

随着传统生物医学模式向生物-心理-社会医学模式的转变,临床决策也应由目前以经验医学为主导的经验决策向以循证医学为基础的科学决策转变。     

调节定向的测量维度及其问卷的信度和效度检验

采用RFQ、B IS/BAS和LOT-R对331名企业新员工和920名在校大学生施测,以探讨H iggins等提出的调节定向测量维度在中国文化中的适应性及其问卷（RFQ）的信度和效度。结果表明：（1）在删除1个偏重从策略角度测量调节定向的项目后,得到由10个项目组成的调节定向问卷,可有效测量促进定向和预防定向两个基本维度;（2）调节定向问卷具有较好的内部一致性信度和区分效度,可作为开展相关研究的评定工具。     

Regulatory focus and investment decisions in small groups

Regulatory Focus Theory was applied to small interactive groups. Based on previous research, it was expected that groups with a promotion focus would discuss gain-relevant information, whereas groups with a prevention focus would be concerned with potential losses. Furthermore, promotion groups were expected to make riskier decisions than prevention groups. Regulatory focus was manipulated by rewarding good or penalizing poor group performance on a preliminary task. Subsequently, three-person groups discussed several investment funds and made a consensual investment decision. Results supported the hypotheses and suggested that regulatory focus requires time to exert its influence in groups.     

信息模糊：消费决策领域中的有限理性

信息模糊（obfuscation）是行为经济学研究的重要领域,主要解释了在商品买卖过程中,销售商通过把商品信息复杂化等手段,让人们的消费过程变得更加复杂和困难,从而使消费者在购买商品时面对信息模糊做出种种不明智的选择的现象问题。本文从以往的研究成果出发,就信息模糊、有限理性和销售者的决策行为的关系进行了探讨,以期为信息模糊的跨学科研究提供可借鉴的思路和方法。     

Decision Neuroscience: New Directions in Studies of Judgment and Decision Making

ABSTRACT— Investigations of decision making have historically been undertaken by different disciplines, each using different techniques and assumptions, and few unifying efforts have been made. Economists have focused on precise mathematical models of normative decision making, psychologists have examined how decisions are actually made based on cognitive constraints, and neuroscientists have concentrated on the detailed operation of neural systems in simple choices. In recent years, however, researchers in these separate fields have joined forces in an attempt to better specify the foundations of decision making. This interdisciplinary effort has begun to use decision theory to guide the search for the neural bases of reward value and predictability. Concurrently, these formal models are beginning to incorporate processes such as social reward and emotion. The combination of these diverse theoretical approaches and methodologies is already yielding significant progress in the construction of more comprehensive decision-making models.     

When two wrongs can make a right: Regulatory nonfit, bias, and correction of judgments

We propose that when people consider whether their judgments are accurate enough, feelings of wrongness from regulatory nonfit (inconsistency between regulatory state and strategic means) can suggest that the answer is no and enhance correction of judgments relative to feelings of rightness from regulatory fit. Results from two experiments supported that hypothesis. When we activated an accuracy motive, participants who experienced regulatory nonfit provided judgments more consistent with correction for bias when they experienced regulatory nonfit than when they experienced regulatory fit (Experiment 1). Drawing participants’ attention to an earlier event as a source of rightness feelings eliminated the effect of regulatory fit on apparent correction of judgments (Experiment 2), suggesting attribution of regulatory fit/nonfit feelings to the accuracy of those judgments.     

Multiple Systems in Decision Making: A Neurocomputational Perspective

ABSTRACT— Various psychological models posit the existence of two systems that contribute to decision making. The first system is bottom-up, automatic, intuitive, emotional, and implicit, while the second system is top-down, controlled, deliberative, and explicit. It has become increasingly evident that this dichotomy is both too simplistic and too vague. Here we consider insights gained from a different approach, one that considers the multiple computational demands of the decision-making system in the context of neural mechanisms specialized to accomplish some of that system's more basic functions. The use of explicit computational models has led to (a) identification of core trade-offs imposed by a single-system solution to cognitive problems that are solved by having multiple neural systems, and (b) novel predictions that can be tested empirically and that serve to further refine the models.     

MAU决策辅助对个体与群体决策质量的影响

本研究用实验室研究方法对 MAU决策辅助对个体和群体决策质量的影响进行了比较研究 ,结果表明 :(1 )使用 MAU决策辅助时 ,群体决策不仅在信息利用上优于个体决策 ,而且在多数心理效标上也占优势 ;(2 )在 MAU方法的利用效率上 ,只在任务较难时 ,群体决策更优于个体决策 ,且群体决策时间明显长于个体决策 ;(3 )不使用 MAU决策辅助时 ,个体决策和群体决策在心理效标上无显著差异 ,但群体决策在信息加工效标上优于个体决策。     

Authorship Decision Making: An Empirical Investigation

This empirical study concerns the authorship credit decision-making processes and outcomes that occur among coauthors in cases of multiauthored publications. The 2002 American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code offers standards for determining authorship order; however, little is known about how these decisions are made in actual practice. Results from a survey of 109 randomly selected authors indicated that most authors were satisfied with the decision-making process and outcome with few disagreements. Participants reported cases of both undeserved authorship being given and omission of deserving contributors' names as coauthors. Some factors associated with authorship decisions included “sense of loyalty or obligation,” “publish or perish pressures,” and “power differentials.” Authors who used APA standards were significantly more satisfied with both the process and outcome of authorship credit decisions.     

The Theory and Practice of Foreign Policy Decision Making

Central to Alex George's work was a concern with the psychology of presidential decision making. Our analysis focuses on George's work at the intersection of leadership psychology and the psychology of judgment in the making of consequential foreign policy decisions, specifically those dealing with issues of war and peace. We begin with a review of the fundamental dilemmas of political decision making, focusing on the various factors that present challenges to leaders seeking to make high-quality decisions. We then move to an analysis of the nature of judgment and the ways in which it both shapes and is shaped by cognitive dynamics and conclude by examining a number of steps designed to help leaders avoid the most damaging blind spots of their own psychologies and cognitive biases.     

青少年风险决策的时程加工机制：来自ERP的证据

采用事件相关电位（ERP）研究技术,运用剑桥风险任务的实验范式,考察了青少年风险决策的时程加工机制。行为结果表明,在高、中、低三种不确定性条件下,相对于效价,被试的决策更多的关注概率。脑电结果显示：1）不确定性的主效应在N400上表现显著,高不确定条件和中不确定条件的波幅要明显大于低不确定性条件的波幅,而高不确定条件和中不确定条件的波幅无显著差异;2）与中不确定条件相比,高不确定条件和低不确定条件诱发了一个新异正成分（LPC）,高不确定条件和低不确定条件的波幅要明显大于中不确定性条件的波幅,而高不确定条件和低不确定条件的波幅无显著差异。青少年在风险任务中的决策较多的是选择安全选项,表现出较为明显的风险规避倾向。N400的波幅可能反映了不确定性程度,而LPC的波幅大小可能反映了结果评价准确性程度的高低。     

宁夏临终关怀现状及实践

在宁夏回族地区如何开展临终关怀工作和提高临终关怀工作的质量,根据在宁夏回族地区开展临终关怀工作五年的实践体会,分析了宁夏主要由于社会老龄化的压力、家庭结构的变化和宁夏疾病死因顺位变化原因开展临终关怀的必要性。探讨了目前宁夏临终关怀面临的七个主要问题,即热心从事临终关怀的专业人员少、临终关怀机构缺乏、社会重视度低、心理治疗严重不足、社会义工资源短缺、医院与外界对临终关怀医护人员的关怀少和患者及家属对临终关怀治疗的期望值高。总结了在宁夏开展临终关怀实践的六点体会。     

保护性价值观及其对决策行为的影响

保护性价值观(protected values, PVs)是这样的一种观念:它拒绝与其他任何价值相互交易,尤其拒绝与经济价值进行交易[1]。本文对国内外有关保护性价值观及其对决策行为的影响的研究成果进行了详尽考察和评述,在此基础上,进一步提出了管理领域保护性价值观研究的设想。     

病人的价值取向在诊疗决策中的作用

病人在诊疗中的自主性是医学发展及病人权利意识增长的产物,它有利于尊重病人的权利及人格,使病人对诊疗有更好的认同和依从性,提升诊疗效果和减少医疗纠纷,但尊重病人的自主性也有一定的限度,医生有特殊干涉权。     

泌尿外科微创技术与临床决策

微创技术在泌尿外科中的应用越来越广泛,对临床决策也产生了深远的影响。临床决策应以最佳证据作指导,充分评价不同方案的风险和利益,选择出最优方案应用于临床实践。微创技术的应用要以人为本,要贯穿诊断和治疗的全过程,要因地制宜,充分考虑应用的物质条件和基础。微创技术的应用也必须考虑经济因素,应选择适宜技术进行适度治疗。     

急性胰腺炎临床决策中的辩证思维观

急性胰腺炎（AP）是临床常见危重症。近年来AP诊断和治疗取得了令人瞩目的进展,及早诊断和恰当、合理的生命支持治疗极大改善了AP患者的预后。临床上AP患者病情往往复杂多变,要求在极短时间内做出正确的临床决策,科学理性的临床决策思维对AP患者的合理诊治起着非常重要的指导作用。临床医师应努力学习和充分灵活地运用辩证思维,为对AP进行科学的临床诊疗决策提供合理的思路。     

In re Edna MF: Case Law Confusion in Surrogate Decision Making

I review the recent case of Edna Folz, a 73 year-old woman who was suffering through the end stages of very advanced Alzheimer's dementia when her case was adjudicated by the Wisconsin Supreme Court. I consider this case as an example of how courts are increasingly misinterpreting the ethical and legal decision-making standards known as substituted judgment and best interests and thereby threatening individuals' treatment decision-making rights as developed by other courts over the past two decades and creating serious roadblocks to health-care providers' ability to render appropriate patient care. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held that Edna's legal guardian could not authorize withdrawal of Edna's treatment, ruling that as a matter of law, if an incompetent person is not in a persistent vegetative state, it is not in his or her best interests for life-sustaining treatment to be withdrawn unless (s)he has executed an advance directive or other statement clearly indicating his or her desires.