四川汶川大地震心理危机干预的思考

面对大地震我们如何应对？突发的灾难除了顷刻间造成大量人员伤亡和财产损失外,还会对人们的心理产生巨大影响。帮助灾区人民渡过心理创伤,减少心理疾病的发生和对心理社会功能的后遗影响。灾后心理危机同样是灾难,灾后心理疏导需专业人员,抗震救灾与灾后的心理干预同等重要。     

CISM对我国建立灾难心理危机干预体系的启示

危机事件压力管理(CISM)是一个庞大的综合性危机干预体系,涵盖了当代整个危机领域的多种危机干预内容,综合考虑到在个人、团体、家庭、组织甚至整个社会等各个层面的应用.着重介绍了CISM的功能、核心内容以及该体系在灾难心理危机干预中的应用情况与效果,并提出了CISM对我国建立灾难心理危机干预体系的启示.     

CISM对我国建立灾难心理危机干预体系的启示

危机事件压力管理(CISM)是一个庞大的综合性危机干预体系,涵盖了当代整个危机领域的多种危机干预内容,综合考虑到在个人、团体、家庭、组织甚至整个社会等各个层面的应用。着重介绍了CISM的功能、核心内容以及该体系在灾难心理危机干预中的应用情况与效果,并提出了CISM对我国建立灾难心理危机干预体系的启示。     

灾后心理危机干预的个体化和动态性

人们对重大灾难的心理应激反应有一定的规律性和普遍性,但又有复杂性和特殊性。要根据应激反应的不同阶段和不同人群产生的不同心理问题采取相应心理危机干预措施,做到具体问题具体分析。对灾后人群进行心理危机干预的过程中,要采取系统性、动态性原则,从而达到个体最优化,消除或减少心理问题及心理因素相关生理问题,尽早恢复社会功能。     

灾后心理危机干预的个体化和动态性

人们对重大灾难的心理应激反应有一定的规律性和普遍性,但又有复杂性和特殊性.要根据应激反应的不同阶段和不同人群产生的不同心理问题采取相应心理危机干预措施,做到具体问题具体分析.对灾后人群进行心理危机干预的过程中,要采取系统性、动态性原则,从而达到个体最优化,消除或减少心理问题及心理因素相关生理问题,尽早恢复社会功能.     

重建生命—谈震后哀伤医治

5·12汶川特大地震之后,全国上下都在不断地关注灾后的救援、安置等事宜。面对这一巨大灾难,与以往救援行动有一点不同之处,人们关注的不仅仅是帮助受灾者重建家园,更重要的是受灾者心灵家园的重建。全国各地招募心理专家组织并培训了许多志愿者,深入灾区进行危机辅导。这一方面让我们看到心理援助的重要性,     

灾难中的心理危机干预——精神病学的视角

灾难事件是一种特殊类型的生活事件,因其超出个体应对能力,因此灾难事件后常并发一系列的精神卫生问题。急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍、抑郁症、自杀是灾后常见精神卫生问题。本文回顾了近年来灾难事件相关精神障碍的研究,并总结了去年发生在我国的两次重大灾难性事件的相关研究结果,从精神病学视角对灾难事件后心理危机干预策略进行了探讨。     

现代城市灾难结构与心理反应特点

城市灾难在给现代城市带来巨大破坏和影响的同时,对人们心理的冲击也是巨大的。本文分析了现代城市灾难的结构、阶段以及与之相对应的群体心理特征,以近年来国内外发生的城市危机案例为佐证,说明了心理干预在灾难应对中的重要作用,并提出3点启示:(1)政府部门要建立一套权威信息预警、发布机制;(2)增强民众素质,减少盲目从众心理;(3)重视社会力量在心理干预中的作用。     

认识心理危机状态

正当一场灾难来临时,我们无法使用惯常的生活技巧应对,甚至倾尽全力也无能力去解决当前危机。在感到无助的时候,我们就会出现心理崩溃和身心的官能症状,临床心理学称之为"心理危机状态",被诊断为创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),容易引发生理、心理的功能受损,产生认知、情绪和行为等的失调。患者经确认后需要立即进行心理危机干预,就是从心理上解决迫在眉睫的危机,使症状得到缓解甚至消失,使心理功能恢复到危机前水平,并获得新的应对技能,以预防将来危机再发生,患者面对同样的危机事件,可以减少心理障碍的程度。     

汶川地震后心理援助服务的人类学思考

在汶川地震后的1年半时间里,灾后心理援助服务积极开展,但援助过程中存在的问题为震后灾区民众心理重建形成了阻碍.从人类学的角度,对震后心理援助进行反思,针对心理援助特点、核心理念、援助方式等问题进行深入分析,并提出心理援助应该将心理学和人类学等多学科的方法学融合、以当地文化和习俗为切入点和以学校为中心等对策,以期有效地干预灾区民众震后的心理危机、促进我国突发灾难后心理援助服务的规范化.     

'Coping' and the Crisis Counsellor

In the last decade the theory of coping strategies and the development of coping-skills-training and stress-management programmes have been a major innovative feature of British and American developments in relation to stress and crisis counselling. This paper-reviews the available coping literature of relevance to crisis counselling practice. The theory of psychological reversals is used to provide a link with crisis theory.     

A Study of Church Members During Times of Crisis

The purpose of the current study was to understand what church members experience during a situational crisis and identify the resources of social support that are helpful for them. By identifying the degree to which personal religious beliefs and participation in a particular congregation help people in crisis, this study sought to provide a foundation from which religious as well as mental health professionals can understand the psychological benefits of religious involvement. For the purposes of this research the investigators developed the Crisis Appraisal and Coping Interview Protocol. The research team collected interview data from 26 members of one Southern Baptist congregation within two weeks of a crisis event. Qualitative analysis identified several key themes that appeared which are discussed.     

Lessons from the aftermath of Flight 232. Practical considerations for the mental health profession's response to air disasters

The fiery crash of a DC-10 at Sioux City, Iowa, on July 19, 1989, caused a crisis of major proportions, with attendant mental health needs. Various articles have described the need for psychological response teams in such crises. The present article provides practical guidelines for the preparation of a mental health disaster plan and for the coordination of a mental health team responding to a major air disaster. Such disasters can occur in any part of the country at any time. It is hoped that the suggestions in the present article will help teams that respond to future air disasters provide more rapid, effective, and efficient delivery of services to the survivors and their families, and the families of those who are killed.     

Network Techniques: Case Studies in the Screening-Linking-Planning Conference Method

This article describes a technique for receiving, assessing, planning, linking, and monitoring people in crisis. Called the Screening-Linking-Planning (S-L-P) Conference Method, the technique takes advantage of certain characteristics of people in the heat of crisis that make them particularly amenable to change and allow a care-giver to promote marked positive growth in brief periods of time. The method encourages the social network of the person in crisis to cluster around the person in a supportive way, to make positive expectations, and to provide feedback for identity-repair purposes. The technique has proved effective with persons in acute crisis as well as those who have chosen a career of chronic crisis (i.e., chronic patienthood). A major part of this paper is devoted to case studies describing the application of this technique in a variety of situations.     

青少年个体心理危机的生成机制及影响因素

心理危机是一种失调的心理状态。青少年由于生理、心理发展的不平衡及生活事件的影响,容易产生各类心理危机,如不能及时发现并实施帮助,会增加心理障碍与疾病的发病率。因此,需要在探索青少年心理危机生成机制的基础上,对寻求专业心理咨询与治疗的青少年开展各项心理功能和特征的调查研究。调查结果显示,情绪不稳定的人格特征、情绪指向的应对方式等内在特质以及生活事件、童年受虐待的经历以及家庭环境等外在因素,是青少年心理危机的重要预测因素,焦虑情绪则可作为危机的重要预警指标。这些结果可帮助了解危机发生的机制和影响危机发生的因素,为青少年危机的预警和干预提供理论基础。     

Emergency psychology: a mobile service for police crisis calls

The Emergency Treatment Center, a new program of crisis intervention services, has been in operation since February 1975. This seven-day-week, twenty-four-hour-a-day program backs up ten Northern California police departments to provide help to people who are experiencing psychological emergencies such as violent family fights, suicide attempts, and severe emotional disturbance; in addition, the Center responds to any kind of crisis call involving adolescents. The population of the area served is approximately 750,000 of whom approximately 110,000 are adolescents between 10 and 17 years of age.     

中国社会心理服务体系的建设构想

社会心理服务体系更准确的名称应是公共心理服务体系,其主要内容包括心理健康服务、社会心态培育、共同体认同建构这三大模块,其主要功能分别为预防和治疗心理疾病、提升全民族的心理健康水平,培育自尊自信、理性平和、积极向上的社会心态,以及塑造中华民族的统一文化认同和人类命运共同体认同。今后应进一步明确社会心理服务的基本公共服务的定位,明确社会心理服务体系建设的责任主体,发展中国特色的健康心理学、社会心理学和文化心理学学科,培养社会心理服务亟需的科研与实务人才,创新社会心理服务的供给方式,联合政府、高校、社区和第三方部门等多元力量,建设能够符合中国国情的,专业化、多类型、多层次、可持续的社会心理服务体系。     

Psychoanalytische Gedanken zur europäischen Flüchtlingskrise und zum Fremden

There are many aspects – political, economic, legal, medical, cultural and religious ones – of the present refugee crisis in Europe. Difficulties in border crossing, settlement programs, life-saving issues and security measures present themselves immediately. The refugee crisis also needs to be examined from a psychological angle. In this paper I will describe psychoanalytic findings on voluntary and forced immigration and human responses to the Other. Change in the twenty-first century is occurring at an unprecedented pace and scale. Globalization, incredible advances in communication technology, fast travel, recourse limitations, and terrorist activities and now the refugee crisis in Europe make psychoanalytic investigation of the Other a major necessity.     

Narcissism in the Epistemological Pit

For some people, the move from dualistic to relativistic epistemological thought is accompanied by significant psychological distress. Although there are several possible sources of psychological difficulty in stage transition, we argue that long-standing deficits in object relations can predispose a person to clinical crisis during particular life phase and cognitive stage transitions. Specifically, a person is likely to experience clinical crisis during a particular life phase or stage transition if that developmental advance requires abandoning strategies that have been used to shore up faulty self and object representations. The life phase move from adolescence to adulthood and the cognitive stage shift from dualistic to relativistic thought often pose particular difficulty for persons with a narcissistic personality organization. The epistemological move to relativism can be particularly traumatic when adolescents have cathected their own intellectual products (ideas, ideologies) as idealized self-objects. A case study is presented to illustrate the clinical crisis that can be precipitated by the narcissistic adolescent's loss of intrapsychic supports in the move to adulthood and to committed relativism.