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传统观点认为借喻是用某事的名称替换相邻近事物名称的特殊修辞手段,这样它就把借喻研究简单地局限于词汇层面,其实借喻是选取事物易理解或易感知的方面来代替事物的事物的另一方面,即用凸显、重要、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或相关的其他部分。其本质特征在于它借事物之间的关联性或邻近性建立事物之间的指称关系.是统一概念域中的映射。本文对英语中借喻的形成机制进行研究,对于英语学习的人们采说,谙熟此种修辞手法,可以有效地提高准确运用语言的能力,加深对英语篇章的理解,提高学习英语的兴趣。 相似文献
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近年来,随着人民物质生活水平的不断提高,我国少年儿童的身体发育水平已明显提高。人民精神文化生活水平的提高和丰富的社会信息来源,也大大促进了少年儿童的智力发育。但与此同时,在少年儿童中却普遍出现了行为霸道、不懂礼貌、磨蹭马虎、好吃懒做、自私任性、孤僻胆小等不良心理倾向。在学校中,也常常可以看到“高分低能,高分低德”的现象。因此,对于小学生来说,培养他们良好的行为习惯已迫在眉梢。良好行为习惯的形成,是学生旧后成才的重要条件。 相似文献
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在幼儿的成长过程中,他们知识的获得与增长,是通过多种渠道、多种形式、多种方法完成的。幼儿良好行为习惯的形成是一个循序渐进、日积月累的过程,他们在大班一日生活中的每个环节,都是对幼儿进行培养良好品德和行为习惯的好机会。经过半年的实践教学在探索幼儿良好行为习惯方面,有以下几点体会: 相似文献
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有关团队管理的研究日益注重团队行为过程及其因素并聚焦团队动力机制。其中,团队中信任形成机制成为管理心理学中的前沿领域。以往研究表明,团队成员间的信任模式及其水平是高绩效工作团队的关键条件,团队中信任的形成过程受到成员的个体价值取向、人际交往能力、团队领导风格以及团队共享心理模型特征等诸多因素的影响。而团队信任形成与发展的机制,则仍然是有待深入研究的重要课题。为了进一步研究与分析团队运作机制,以映象理论为基础,采用了实验模拟方法,系统考察团队成员信任的形成过程及其关键特征,深入探索团队成员信任形成的映象决策机制。实验采用团队局域网络模拟方法和被试间因子式设计,分别设置了高目标冲突(个体目标导向)和低目标冲突(团队目标导向)等两种条件。对随机组合的20个团队进行了投资任务的实验模拟与分析,结果表明,团队成员的信任决策是一种映象决策,表现出拒绝阈限。在建立信任关系的过程中,理想映象和当前映象的加工对能力和诚信更加重视,容易导致不信任;而对善意的要求稍宽一些。团队成员在工作任务中对理想映象和当前映象之间进行相容性检验,并作出信任决策判断。在这一动态过程中,相容性知觉起着部分中介作用,形成了映象决策的机制 相似文献
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以文献和已有相关问卷、量表为基础,结合开放式问卷调查所获资料,运用因素分析编制大学生择业完美主义量表.该量表具有较高的信度和效度,包含两个因素:追求理想和在乎挫折.学校、年级和成绩因素影响追求理想,性别和城乡因素影响在乎挫折.积极教养方式如情感温暖理解等促进追求理想,消极教养方式如惩罚严厉等导致在乎挫折.教师、同学、完美偶像等因素在择业完美主义形成中也起重要作用. 相似文献
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催眠现象的效应与形成机制 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
催眠术已有几千年的历史了。作为一种独特的心理治疗技术 ,它的确能使一些心理病症手到病除 ,使焦虑、忧郁的情绪转瞬即逝。遗憾的是 ,由于一些江湖术士的滥用 ,催眠术曾屡遭非议。随着心理学研究的不断深化 ,近年来 ,我国许多心理咨询部门都在运用催眠术帮助人们解除痛苦 ,越来越多的人开始用科学的眼光来看待催眠术的神奇功效了。1 催眠的效应1 1 生理效应由于催眠造成了一个特殊的、意识阈非常狭窄的状态 ,为暗示的作用创造了最佳的条件 ,因此催眠能产生十分奇特的生理效应。在催眠状态下 ,给被催眠者一杯白开水 ,并暗示他说 ,这是一杯… 相似文献
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幼儿群体良好行为习惯形成的元胞自动机模拟 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用元胞自动机模型对幼教环境中幼儿良好行为习惯形成的过程进行了模拟。探讨了\"从众\"和\"模仿\"心理作用下,不同幼教环境,不同素质、不同数量教师对幼儿良好行为习惯形成的影响。研究表明,元胞自动机模型能反映幼教环境下幼儿良好行为习惯形成的动态过程,再现幼儿教师在幼儿良好行为习惯形成过程中的积极作用,有望成为幼儿群体行为学、心理学研究的仿真工具。 相似文献
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中国正处于深刻的社会转型和社会变迁时期,社会风险加剧。其中一个重要的表征就是群体性事件频发。事件的背后,反映出民众对公共政策的不认可,如果公共政策的制定和执行不能充分考虑民众的接受性,极有可能构成新的社会风险,威胁社会稳定。因此,如何有效地提高民众对公共政策的接受性已经成为我国亟需解决的重大问题。项目欲建立程序公正、结果宜人性和权威信任(认知信任和情感信任)对公共政策可接受性、政府满意度的影响模型,从而有效提升政策可接受性。拟在不同的公共政策情境中通过Scenario、实验室模拟实验和问卷调查,探明程序公正和结果宜人性对政策可接受性、政府满意度的交互作用机制,以及权威信任对此交互作用机制的边界效应,并在此基础上进一步分析认知信任和情感信任对于政策可接受性、政府满意度及其因子关系的调节作用。研究成果可用于提高民众对政策的满意度,为政府制定政策提供科学依据。 相似文献
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《学海》2021,(1):5-13
大一统国家的长期维系和不断重建是中国国家韧性最为重要的一个特征。但中国国家韧性的形成并不来自于独特的地理条件,中国反而是自然灾害高发的国度。自然灾害通过对农业生产的威胁而给大一统国家带来了强大的政治压力。国家对自然灾害的应对措施统称为荒政。中国历代王朝都极为重视荒政。成功的备荒救灾不仅以大一统国家为前提,荒政也是中国国家韧性的塑造机制。荒政实践作为国家提供的公共物品,强化了王朝国家的资源调动能力,推进了国家官僚组织建设,规避了中央政府基层控制权的旁落,巩固了普通民众对大一统国家的政治支持。荒政还为大一统国家的重建提供了心理基础、历史共识、制度遗产和基础设施。从与自然灾害的对抗中形成的国家韧性仍然影响着当代中国的发展进程。 相似文献
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We evaluated the effectiveness of an abbreviated habit reversal procedure to reduce mal-adaptive oral self-biting in an adolescent boy in residential care. Treatment involved a combination of relaxation and two competing responses. Results of a withdrawal design and two posttreatment medical evaluations indicated that the intervention eliminated the biting and the tissue damage it caused. 相似文献
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In this paper, we provide a domain‐general scoping review of the nudge movement by reviewing 422 choice architecture interventions in 156 empirical studies. We report the distribution of the studies across countries, years, domains, subdomains of applicability, intervention types, and the moderators associated with each intervention category to review the current state of the nudge movement. Furthermore, we highlight certain characteristics of the studies and experimental and reporting practices that can hinder the accumulation of evidence in the field. Specifically, we found that 74% of the studies were mainly motivated to assess the effectiveness of the interventions in one specific setting, while only 24% of the studies focused on the exploration of moderators or underlying processes. We also observed that only 7% of the studies applied power analysis, 2% used guidelines aiming to improve the quality of reporting, no study in our database was preregistered, and the used intervention nomenclatures were non‐exhaustive and often have overlapping categories. Building on our current observations and proposed solutions from other fields, we provide directly applicable recommendations for future research to support the evidence accumulation on why and when nudges work. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jennifer S. Labrecque Kristen M. Lee Wendy Wood 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2024,121(1):62-73
People achieve important life outcomes of health, financial security, and productivity by repeating operant behavior. To identify whether such operants reflect goal pursuit or habit, the present research introduces a new paradigm that yields objective measures of learning and controls for the motivations of goal pursuit. In two experiments, participants practiced a sequential task of making sushi and then completed a test of the strength of cue–response (habit) associations in memory. Finally, they repeated the sushi task without instructions while under cognitive load (designed to impede deliberation about goals). As predicted, greater task practice yielded stronger cue–response associations, which in turn promoted task success. Practice did not improve performance by enhancing goal intentions or other task motivations. We conclude that repetition facilitates performance by creating mental associations that automatically activate practiced, habitual responses upon perception of recurring context cues. 相似文献
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David Trafimow 《Psychology & health》2013,28(3):383-393
Abstract Undergraduates at an American university were asked questions about their attitudes, subjective norms, habits, and intentions towards using a condom during sexual intercourse. Consistent with previous research (Chan and Fishbein, 1993; Trafimow, 1994), intentions were well predicted by attitudes and subjective norms (r = 0.88 and r = 0.73, p < 0.01 in both cases). Intentions were also well predicted by habits (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). More interestingly, however, for participants who were in the habit of using condoms, attitudes and subjective norms were not significant predictors of intentions to use condoms in the future (r = 0.18 and r = 0.10, p<0.1 in both cases). In contrast, attitudes and subjective norms were strong predictors for participants who were not in the habit of using condoms (r = 0.81 and r = 0.61, p < 0.01 in both cases). These findings were replicated in a second study. 相似文献
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We evaluated the effects of aversive taste treatment of thumb sucking on untreated trichotillomania (habitual hair pulling) in two children who chronically pulled their hair and sucked their thumbs. A combination of withdrawal and nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs showed that, concomitant with the successful treatment of thumb sucking, hair pulling was also eliminated. The results suggest an efficient method for changing behaviors that are difficult to treat directly. 相似文献
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Catherine Fréchette-Simard Isabelle Plante Jonathan Bluteau 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2018,47(4):263-285
This review aimed to identify the strategies used in programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to prevent and treat symptoms of anxiety, depression, and internalized behaviors of children and adolescents. Based on an online search (ERIC, PsycInfo, Virtuose UQAM, and Google Scholar), 61 studies describing different cognitive behavioral programs were selected. Results showed that 40 strategies were implemented in at least one program. However, none of the strategies were systematically present in all programs, and only few were reported in more than 50% of the studies. Cognitive restructuring and problem-solving were the most popular strategies to treat depressive symptoms, whereas anxiety programs also generally included relaxation and exposure. Furthermore, six strategies were identified in a single anxiety program, whereas nine strategies were implemented in only one depression program. These results suggest that in anxiety and depression programs designed for children and adolescents, the label “CBT” encompasses a wide variety of programs with only few similar strategies. Such findings highlight the need to define a common basis for CBT programs, in order to better reflect CBT theory and to identify the effectiveness of the strategies included in these programs. 相似文献
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This study examines the effect of using active supervision, pre-correction, and daily data review on occurrences of minor behavioral incidents in a sixth grade general education classroom. The results suggest a functional relationship between the use of the teacher-training package and concomitant decreases in minor behavioral incidents. The findings from this study extend the existing literature on the use of active supervision and pre-correction, and establish a useful model for bringing teachers in contact with proactive instructional strategies. 相似文献
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Brad A. Dufrene PhD Lauren Lestremau Harpole PhD Heather E. Sterling PhD Erin J. Perry PhD Britney Burton PhD Kimberly Zoder-Martell PhD 《Child & family behavior therapy》2013,35(1):41-62
This study included brief functional analyses and treatment for motor tics exhibited by two children with Tourette Syndrome. Brief functional analyses were conducted in an outpatient treatment center and results were used to develop individualized habit reversal procedures. Treatment data were collected in clinic for one child and in clinic and school for the other child. Brief functional analysis results were mixed for each child, but provided useful information for informing unique habit reversal components for each child. Treatment results indicated reductions in motor tics for each child. Results are discussed in terms of utility of functional analysis for tics. 相似文献
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We evaluated the relative impact of four procedures designed to encourage parents to obtain immunizations for their children. In a public health setting, the families of 1,133 immunization-deficient preschool children were randomly assigned to six conditions: (a) a general prompt; (b) a more client-specific prompt; (c) a specific prompt and increased public health clinic access; (d) a specific prompt and monetary incentives; (e) contact control; and (f) no contact control. All interventions, except the general prompt, produced some evidence of improvement when compared with the control groups. The monetary incentive group revealed the largest effect, followed by the increased access group, specific prompt group, and general prompt group, respectively. The data suggest that relatively powerful and immediate effects on preschoolers' clinic attendance for immunization may be produced by monetary incentives in conjunction with client-specific prompts. However, client-specific prompts alone appear to be the most cost-effective of the interventions. 相似文献