中国思想与对话普遍主义

本文选择了试图在全球化条件下重构政治理论的两种典型模式即哈贝马斯的“对话普遍主义”和赵汀阳的“天下体系”进行比较和分析,以此揭示中国和欧洲思想进路在理解全球化政治上的异同以及对政治哲学问题的推进,并且指出,如果中国和欧洲的思想能够就当下的共同问题进行深入的对话,则非常可能为政治理论问题找到某些共同的基础。     

康德、黑尔与普遍主义

康德和黑尔都是伦理学的杰出代表人物,尽管一个是规范伦理学家,一个是元伦理学家,但是双方都把目光聚集在道德的形式主义研究上,并且着力于普遍主义的落脚点.两者在理论上存在诸多不同,却依然可以发现两者在理论上的先行后继的关系.     

为普遍主义辩护——兼评中国文化特殊主义思潮

Universalism can be defined as the belief in the universal application of certain knowledge, world-views and value-views. Universalism has often been confused with Occident-centrism, due to the fact that the latter was used to justify the former, which confused the content of a thought with the social condition that gave rise to the thought. For many years, clarifications of this confusion have been made in sociology of knowledge, relativism and skepticism. Yet, the particularistic conclusion thus reached has led to more confusion, namely, that between the intrinsic criterion for truth and the practical application of thought. China, with its long tradition of Sino-centrism, has recently shown a movement towards particularism, characterized by a search for national and cultural superiority by “returning to the source”. In today’s academic circles, some particularist themes are taken for granted, and believed to be true, but cannot be proved with rational examination. The particularistic claims to the “self grounded”, “self-featured” and “self-located” tradition of Chinese culture jointed with the post-modernism, neo-leftist movement of anti-globalization in the West, are not only harmful in practice, but also impotent in theory. The propaganda against the hegemony of Western discourse should be analyzed with questioning which hegemony and whose discourse. Translated by Yang Xiaohua and Zhao Dunhua from Xueshu yuekan 学术月刊 (Academic Monthly), 2007, (5): 34–40, with some revisions     

人类尊严、人权谱系学与普遍主义问题

把人类尊严确立为人权基础的思想为人权理论提出了一系列问题.罗曼援引社会想象为人权奠基,探讨了人类尊严宣称的施为特征以及1945年后人权和人类尊严宣言的历史哲学意义;哈贝马斯试图用人类尊严的动力学来补充权利概念的建筑术,并以此处理人权的文化间性;约阿斯基于对哈贝马斯的批判提出了立足于价值交往理论的肯定的人权谱系学,刷新了当代人权论述的理论格局,为人们思考后启蒙语境下的普遍主义论述提供了有益的启迪.     

罗尔斯与社群主义:普遍正义与特殊正义

正义是自古希腊以来的一个重要的政治哲学概念。正义是普遍性的还是特殊(地方)性的,这也历来是一个政治哲学所争论的焦点问题。普遍主义的正义观认为正义具有不受任何共同体制约的正当性,它不受任何时间地点的限制,普遍适用于所有社会和历史时期,适用于任何时代背景下的任何     

墨子论“义”的普遍主义进路与现代启示

当代正义论出现普遍主义进路和特殊主义进路的纷争。我国学界为防范将西化等同于现代化,彰显文化主体性,往往不自觉地青睐于以麦金泰尔为代表的特殊主义者。沿此逻辑又容易造成对中国既有"义"学思想的特殊主义进路的误读。"义"是《墨子》思想的核心和主线。墨子论义的普遍主义进路诠释及其成败得失分析,对于当代中国社会正义论建构的方法自觉具有重要理论启示。     

儒家哲理特征与文化间对话——普遍主义还是非普遍主义

Confucianism is a rather typical non-universalism, even though it does believe that its own doctrines are indeed the ultimate truth, and denies the validity of any higher, universalist meta-standard. Therefore, when facing the contemporary culture intercourse, Confucianism advocates genuine discourse: It rejects any cultural conflict to-the-death, refuses to engage in universalist competition and antagonism, and maintains a mutually-beneficial interaction with other cultures. However, it also adheres to a “free-to-terminate-relations” principle, which implies that any side is free to terminate, at any time, all potential and actual interactions, whenever it feels that its original cultural vitality is threatened. In other words, cultural interactions must only occur when the cultural uniqueness and independence of all participating sides is guaranteed.     

重建儒学普遍主义的基础——康有为“孔子改制”说新探

重建儒学的普遍主义是晚清民初儒家的共同焦虑。对此,康有为的思想起点是重新刻画孔子的形象。他认识到,近代中国的文明变局之根源是传统世界观的崩解,尤其是天命观和圣王历史的退场造成了经学的危机。为此,他提出了“孔子改制”说,将“六经”归于孔子所作,以区分经与史。进而在孔子形象的具体内涵上,他认为“孔子改制”的意义在于创造文明生活的价值体系,即孔子是中国文明史的“开端”。康有为对孔子形象的重构,使文明成为了儒学的理论主题,并以中国的文明传统佐证了儒学的意义。     

恩典、文化与发展——一种加尔文主义文化观的阐释

本文将文化理解为一种人类的创造性活动的体现和人类生活的本质。基于这种认识,围绕加尔文和凯珀(Abraham Kuyper)两位基督教神学家的思想,力图阐明加尔文主义思想中罪和恩典的观念对于文化的影响。内容涉及以下几个方面:一、加尔文主义主张人在世界上作为文化的受造物所具有的文化责任,即去挖掘内在于世界中的各种可能性;二、加尔文主义对于罪的深刻认识:罪作为破坏性的力量;三、加尔文主义的普遍恩典观念同时包含的抑制罪以及积极发展世界的思想,使得文化的活动和形成成为可能;四、文化的合适目的与上帝的主权和荣耀。通过解释这几个方面的内涵、相互间的张力和关联,进而阐明加尔文主义文化观的特质。     

普遍主义的女性主义何以可能——评玛莎·纳斯鲍姆《女性与人类发展》

纳斯鲍姆的《女性与人类发展——能力进路的研究》是一部女性主义哲学著作,也是她第一次全面系统地阐述成熟版本的能力进路的著作.纳斯鲍姆认为,能力进路是一种特殊的普遍主义,它既能为女性主义讨论提供统一的基础,也能安置差异性思想.与功利主义进路和罗尔斯的实质性善的进路相比,能力进路呈现出明显的理论优势.在宗教和家庭这两个容易引发棘手的女性问题的领域,这种理论也具备良好的应用性.尽管存在一些值得反思的地方,但是它对女性和人类发展事业做出了不可磨灭的贡献.     

Confucianism,Globalisation and the Idea of Universalism

The pace of globalisation has quickened considerably in the last ten to fifteen years. The process has yielded benefits but also resulted in conflicts. The benefits would be enhanced if the conflicts could be resolved. One source of conflicts is the desire to maintain cultural identity. Can Confucianism contribute to the working out of a universal global justice that can help resolve conflicts, particularly conflicts of cultural identities? Can it be part of the globalisation process without sacrificing its cultural identity? I argue that it can on both counts and thus it is neither a villain blocking the progress of universal justice, a necessary condition for conflict-free globalisation, nor a helpless victim of that progress.     

Universalism, particularism and the ethics of dignity.

This paper explores the problem of universalism and particularism in contemporary ethics, and its relationship to Christian bioethics in particular. An ethic of human dignity is outlined, which, it is argued, constrains moral discourse in the broad sense--thus meeting the demands of universalism--but which is at the same time amenable to a variety of particularist interpretations--thus acknowledging the current shift toward historicism, traditionalism, and culture. The particularist interpretations that are of central concern here are those provided by historic Christianity. The eventual goal is to indicate how a Christian conception of human dignity can have universal normative relevance both as a standard against which to assess competing particularist conceptions, and as a practical guide for everyday living. A Christian conception of dignity will in turn have significant implications when addressing contemporary issues in bioethics. These are ambitious goals, and a full explication of the ideas presented will not be possible in this context. Nevertheless, there is value in getting a bird's-eye view of the landscape before one goes about scaling the mountains and exploring the valleys. The present essay is intended as a general geography of the moral terrain in which an ethic of dignity in general, and a Christian perspective on dignity in particular, can provide normative guidance.     

Training the Elderly: The Example of Class Inclusion

The authors used an inclusive reasoning task to assess the cognitive reserve capacities of elderly people. The results showed that it is possible to optimize the inclusive reasoning of individuals who are over 60 years old, regardless of their level of education.     

The Sexual and Theological Ethics of Gay Marriage in France: A Dialectic between Autonomy and Universalism

Abstract

The debate on gay marriage has gathered pace globally and particularly in France. Here, the secularization of marriage as an ‘acte laïque’ has furthered progress towards a political and juridic recognition of gay marriage. The Catholic church (Vatican) has opposed this development in its re-enforcement of Catholic sexual ethics and the distinction it draws between secular and religious definitions of marriage. Complicating this distinction is the perception of a trend towards post-secularism in France where religion is making a return to democratic debates on citizenship and gender, and raising concerns over the status of the civility of the marriage act. The focus of this article is to look at gay marriage from the perspective of contemporary ethical and theological thinking. Specifically, I aim to examine alternative discourses that open up new ways of configuring gay marriage through an examination of concepts of integrity, responsibility and asceticism, and critically the ethical relationship between autonomy and norms.