系统论在胰腺外科中的意义

胰腺作为一个消化器官,不过是人体中很小的部分,但由于胰腺在人体内发挥的重要作用以及在人体中的重要解剖毗邻关系,胰腺外科为广大普外科医生关注的焦点,成为普外科研究的热点问题。将系统论的整体性、联系性、有序性、综合性、动态性、最优化等原则运用到胰腺外科临床及科研工作中去,能更好地改进胰腺手术技巧和手术方式,能更好地提高胰腺疾病的诊治水平。     

内科学临床医学专业学位研究生临床能力培养探讨

结合医院临床教学实践,分析临床研究生培养中暴露的问题,如研究生临床基础薄弱、实践机会减少、带教老师不够 重视等.提出了研究生临床能力培养的几点策略,加强“三基”培训、采用多样化教学方法、联合培养研究生、加强沟通能力培训、提高带教老师素质等,以提高临床医学专业学位研究生的临床能力,确保培养质量.     

医科研究生对医患关系问题认知程度的调查分析

随着医学模式向生物-心理-社会模式的转变,医患关系的主体关系也发生了明显的变化.在医患协商新医患关系模式下,医师的职业道德观与价值观是否与之相适应已成为新时期卫生工作的重要问题.医科研究生除了学习丰富的理论知识和操作技能外,培养高尚的医德、学会正确处理医患关系,也成为合格医生的必备条件.本研究以在校临床专业的硕士研究生为研究对象,系统分析了医科研究生对医患关系问题的认知程度.     

探讨专业研究生培养模式,提高研究生培养质量

内科专业型研究生主要来源是应届本科毕业生和住院医师,他们思维敏捷、思考活跃、独立思考能力强,但存在对专业知识储备相对较弱、临床基本技能差、科研能力薄弱等问题.按照专业研究生培养目标,我们要求研究生不但具有内科的基本技能和本专业的技能,而且具有团队合作、协同创新、医患沟通能力,同时还能结合临床实际,掌握临床科学研究的基本方法.因此,本文从专业研究生培养模式,探讨研究生培养的新途径,进一步提高研究生培养质量.     

功能性内窥镜鼻窦外科应用的情况及问题

20世纪70年代,以慢性鼻窦炎/鼻息肉为主要治疗对象的功能性内窥镜鼻窦外科的创立和发展,开辟了鼻窦外科的新领域.功能性内窥镜鼻窦外科技术把鼻窦外科推向了新的阶段,使鼻窦炎临床治愈率提高到80%～90%,已成为国内外鼻窦炎外科治疗的主要方式.回顾功能性内窥镜鼻窦外科的发展历史,分析了鼻腔-鼻窦病变中应用的情况,并提出了应用中应处理好的两个问题,对准确把握功能性内窥镜鼻窦外科发展的趋势和特点具有重要的作用.     

消化性溃疡的外科治疗

消化性溃疡(PUD)是世界范围内的一个重要公共健康问题,近年来认识到幽门螺杆茵和非甾体抗炎药的致病作用.在临床使用H2组胺受体拮抗荆和质子泵抑制剂后,手术治疗已常用.但PUD的并发症仍较高,约在10%～20%.故外科治疗仍保留使用.外科治疗PUD的指征有出血、穿孔、胃出口梗阻、难治性PUD和恶变危险等.外科治疗PUD的目的是使溃疡愈合、治疗并发症、治疗各种病因和减少术后后遗症.外科治疗PUD的主要术式有迷走神经切除术、近胃迷走神经切除术、胃引流术、胃窦部切除术后胃部分切除术等.     

关于外科过度医疗的初步研究

过度医疗问题引起社会各界的广泛关注,随着外科水平的提高,手术技巧、手术观念都发生了很大的变化,越来越多的疾病能够通过外科手术得到根治,同时外科治疗过程中过度医疗也成为一个重要的社会问题.分析外科疾病过度医疗的特点,探讨外科过度医疗的原因和后果,并提出针对外科过度医疗应采取的措施,有重要意义.     

心房颤动的思考

从哲学角度思考心房颤动的病因、发病机制和治疗策略,有助于全面认识房颤.首先,心房颤动是由于内因和外因相互作用而导致的疾病;其次,心房颤动的发病一种从量变到质变的过程;再次,在房颤在治疗中,应该充分考虑主要矛盾和次要矛盾,选择最佳的治疗方式.用辩证的方法分析房颤的防治中出现的问题,对临床和科研工作有重要的指导意义.     

研究生临床技能测试制度与临床决策能力培养

医学研究生的生源不同、学制不同和培养方式等的差异,导致医学研究生毕业时的临床技能和临床决策能力参差不齐.建立医学毕业研究生临床技能测试制度,合理地评价医学研究生毕业时的实际临床能力,从而制定针对个体的临床技能培养方案,为快速培养和提高青年研究生的临床决策能力提供有力的措施.     

胆道外科的发展和未来

胆道外科的发展和未来天津医科大学博士研究生（３０００７０）陈海龙导师吴咸中一、现代影像技术的进步是胆道外科发展的前提１９２４年Ｇｒａｈａｍ及Ｃｏｌｅ二人首次制成了三苯二甲内酯（Ｐｈｔｈａｌｉｎ）的碘衍生物口服胆囊造影剂,使临床医生能够首次见到胆囊的影...     

Emotional self‐efficacy,graduate employability,and career satisfaction: Testing the associations

Graduate employability has been the subject of little empirical research. There are a number of difficulties in defining and measuring graduate employability, which means that there is a paucity of research that looks at its predictors and outcomes. Previous work has proposed that emotional competence improves graduate employability, and this study further investigates this idea by examining the association between emotional self‐efficacy and employability. Also investigated is the association between employability and career satisfaction. Working graduates (N = 306) completed measures of emotional self‐efficacy, self‐perceived employability, and career satisfaction, and the data were analysed using structural equation modelling. We found emotional self‐efficacy to be an important predictor of graduate employability. Additionally, we found that graduate employability mediates the relationship between emotional self‐efficacy and career satisfaction. Some recommendations, in light of these findings, are discussed.     

STEM enrichment programs and graduate school matriculation: the role of science identity salience

Improving the state of science education in the United States has become a national priority. One response to this problem has been the implementation of STEM enrichment programs designed to increase the number of students that enter graduate programs in science. Current research indicates enrichment programs have positive effects for student performance, degree completion, interest in science and graduate enrollment. Moreover, research suggests that beyond improving performance in STEM, and providing access to research experience and faculty mentoring, enrichment programs may also increase the degree to which students identify as scientists. However, researchers investigating the role of science identity on student outcomes have focused primarily on subjective outcomes, leaving a critical question of whether science identity also influences objective outcomes such as whether students attend graduate school. Using identity theory, this study addresses this issue by investigating science identity as a mechanism linking enrichment program participation to matriculation into graduate science programs. Quantitative results from a panel study of 694 students indicate that science identity salience, along with research experience and college GPA, mediate the effect of enrichment program participation on graduate school matriculation. Further, results indicate that although the social psychological process by which science identity salience develops operates independently from student GPA, science identity amplifies the effect of achievement on graduate school matriculation. These results indicate that policies seeking to increase the efficacy of enrichment programs and increase representation in STEM graduate programs should be sensitive to the social and academic aspects of STEM education.     

Graduate education in qualitative methods in U.S. psychology: current trends and recommendations for the future

The visibility of qualitative research methods (QRM) in U.S. psychology has increased with the dissemination of qualitative research in journals and books, formation of professional and scientific organizations, and recognition in educational institutions. While gains have been made, the current state of doctoral training in qualitative methods remains uncertain. It is unclear what training graduate students receive in U.S. psychology programs about qualitative methodologies and how further gains can be made in expanding visibility of QRM in graduate education. In this mixed-methods study, we surveyed a sample of faculty in U.S. psychology graduate programs about the frequency of QRM course offerings, graduate training, and students’ use of QRM in their dissertation research. We also explored qualitative responses from faculty regarding their attitudes about QRM and how these attitudes might help increase or diminish the frequency of methods training available to students. We found that even within graduate programs where there was support for QRM, enduring perceptions about the value of qualitative research limit faculty and graduate students’ use of qualitative methodologies in their research. With these findings in mind, we offer several recommendations for increasing the visibility of QRM in U.S. graduate education and the discipline of psychology as a whole.     

Exercising Research Skills: An Information Literacy Boot Camp for Religious Studies Graduate Assistants

Instructional librarians at the University of Dayton collaborated with a religious studies graduate program to offer a three-day information literacy workshop, or “boot camp,” to the program's graduate research assistants. The graduate program had found that the assistants' research skills did not meet the expectations of their faculty mentors, and the workshop sought to address these deficiencies. With input from the religious studies faculty, the workshop focused on catalog and database searching, Boolean logic, primary sources, and the Chicago citation style. The librarians incorporated active learning exercises into each workshop session. Assessment of the workshop suggested that the assistants gained confidence in these information literacy skills. Feedback from faculty also indicated that the assistants' research skills had improved.     

Textual Appropriation in Engineering Master’s Theses: A Preliminary Study

In the thesis literature review, an engineering graduate student is expected to place original research in the context of previous work by other researchers. However, for some students, particularly those for whom English is a second language, the literature review may be a mixture of original writing and verbatim source text appropriated without quotations. Such problematic use of source material leaves students vulnerable to an accusation of plagiarism, which carries severe consequences. Is such textual appropriation common in engineering master’s writing? Furthermore, what, if anything, can be concluded when two texts have been found to have textual material in common? Do existing definitions of plagiarism provide a sufficient framework for determining if an instance of copying is transgressive or not? In a preliminary attempt to answer these questions, text strings from a random sample of 100 engineering master’s theses from the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database were searched for appropriated verbatim source text using the Google search engine. The results suggest that textual borrowing may indeed be a common feature of the master’s engineering literature review, raising questions about the ability of graduate students to synthesize the literature. The study also illustrates the difficulties of making a determination of plagiarism based on simple textual similarity. A context-specific approach is recommended when dealing with any instance of apparent copying.     

浅谈医学院校科研现状及研究生培养管理

倡导良好的科研风尚并建立有效的研究生培养管理体制,对增强医学院校科研能力,提高研究生培养质量至关重要,也是当前高等医学教育工作者共同关心的问题。对医学院校科研现状及现行研究生培养管理模式中存在的问题进行分析,并提出若干思考及建议。     

Exploring the effect of stress on mood, self-esteem, and daily habits with psychology graduate students

There are few empirical studies on the issues of psychology graduate students beyond dissertation research. Data from a sample of 65 psychology graduate students were analyzed to explore how stress relates to self-esteem, mood, and daily habits (eating, sleeping, smoking, exercise, and alcohol consumption). The results suggest that sleep patterns, exercise habits, and negative mood were significant correlates and predictors of stress. Findings prompt further investigation of the effects of the stress on psychology graduate students, which might aid in developing interventions leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and global well-being for both graduate students and faculty.     

The development and initial validation of the Multicultural Environmental Inventory: a preliminary investigation

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Multicultural Environmental Inventory (MEI). The MEI is an instrument designed to measure an individual's perceptions about the degree to which graduate counseling programs address multicultural issues within curriculum, supervision, climate, and research. This investigation was conducted using the data from 208 students and faculty from counseling psychology graduate programs across the United States approved by the American Psychological Association. By using techniques of exploratory factor analysis, a 4-factor solution was determined to account for the relationships among the items on the MEI. The instrument was modified from 53 to 27 items on the basis of the items' effectiveness in measuring the underlying constructs of interest, and internal consistency information is provided on the final revised instrument (MEI-R). The factors underlying the MEI-R are discussed within the context of a multicultural environment in graduate counseling programs, and directions for future research are considered.     

"Holding on" or "coming to terms" with educational underachievement: a longitudinal study of ambition and attainment

Given mounting aspirations to graduate from college and pervasive difficulties in obtaining a four-year degree, growing numbers of young people in the United States have become "underachievers." Using data from the ongoing Youth Development Study, the authors examine the prevalence of "holding on" and "letting go" of high aspirations and the precursors of these states as youth move from high school through their mid-twenties. They find that advantage stemming from the family of origin and changing occupational circumstances engender persistence or reappraisal of earlier educational goals.     

Encouraging research: make it collegial,enjoyable, and relevant

Researchers are too often trained under circumstances that discourage them from continuing research activities after they graduate. Three hypotheses are suggested that, if confirmed, would lead to a greater number of competent and enthusiastic researchers. (a) Arrange compatible peer groups. Allowing graduate students to form research teams to conduct dissertation studies would provide more social support than the individualistic environment traditionally required does. (b) Make the experience satisfying and enjoyable. Infuse a spirit of playfulness and puzzlement.