Domain generality and domain specificity in aesthetic appreciation

Aesthetic appreciation is looked at with respect to domain generality and domain specificity. Within the classic cognitive paradigm, modality- and domain-specific receptive processes are explored. These are then complemented with central processing structures. These reveal domain-specific as well as domain-general processing. Extending the classic cognitive science approach, the role of emotion in aesthetic appreciation is also explored. While domain-specific models of aesthetic appreciation are clearly called for, there are also numerous domain-general subprocesses and structures.     

试论团体创造力研究与创造心理学的理论转向

团体创造力研究是当前创造心理学的新方向。本文讨论了自J．P．Guilford以来,从个体层次创造力研究发展到重视团体创造力研究的演变过程。认为团体创造力研究不仅在创造心理学传统理论框架内开辟了一个新时期,其方法论视角的转换为以更广阔视野揭示创造力本质打开了思路。     

Specificity of Dating Aggression and Its Justification Among High-Risk Adolescents

Ninety-five high-risk adolescents were studied to determine whether their dating aggression and its justification as a response to interpersonal problems were specific to the current partner, general to dating relationships, or part of a global age-mate (same-sex peers and opposite-sex dating partners) aggression problem. Approximately one-third of males and two-thirds of females reported physical aggression against their current dating partner. Males' aggression (and its justification) toward their current dating partner was part of a generalized pattern of dating aggression, whereas for females, physical aggression against a current dating partner (and its justification) was partner-specific and unrelated to aggression in other relationships. Findings are discussed with regard to intervention and future research on adolescent dating aggression.     

The Function, Mechanism, And Evolution Of Learning: A Review Of Sara J. Shettleworth’s Cognition, Evolution, And Behavior.

Behavior is a property of living animals and is therefore a biological phenomenon. This book shows us what it looks like to have a truly biological science of behavior. Such a science needs to discover the laws that control behavior as it is occurring, and it is this that behavior analysts and other psychologists interested in animal behavior and learning have done so well. The science also needs to explain, however, the role that behavior plays in the life of the individual and in the existence of the species, and this has not been part of the agenda for most psychologists. Shettleworth addresses all of these questions about behavior. She views learning in terms of what it accomplishes for the individual and then provides insight into its causal laws and its evolution. All of this is accomplished with a critical eye and unremitting rigor. These accomplishments occur in the context of a theory based on a unique combination of domain‐general and domain‐specific processes that takes a major step in the direction of showing what students of animal behavior and animal learning have to offer each other.     

Narrowing the Creativity Gap: The Moderating Effects of Perceived Support for Creativity

This article examines the role of 3 types of perceived support for creativity in moderating the relation between creative self-efficacy and self-perceived creativity. The findings suggest significant interaction effects for perceived work-group support and supervisor support, but not for perceived organizational support. This study is among the first to (a) examine the importance of perceived support for creativity in unlocking creative potential and increasing creativity in organizations and (b) use interaction terms in structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate moderator effects in an applied research setting. These results imply that organizational interventions focused on training supervisors and work-group members to support creativity in the workplace may be more effective than broader and less focused interventions at the organizational level.     

中学生创造性内隐观的调查研究

本研究运用社会效度的方法,对中学生的创造性内隐观进行了调查研究,结果发现:1.中学生的创造性内隐观所涉及的范围广泛,涵盖了认知、人格等许多方面;2.在创造性内隐观上,高中生和初中生差异显著,重点中学和非重点中学的学生差异显著,男生和女生差异显著,这种差异不仅表现在总体上,还表现在许多具体的特征上;并且,各因素间交互作用显著,一种因素对创造性内隐观许多方面的影响通常会随其他因素的变化而变化。这些发现不仅加强了我们对中学生创造性内隐观的了解,还使我们认识到创造性内隐观的可塑性,这对我们培养中学生正确的创造性观、培养学生的创造性和创新精神将具有重要的意义。     

风险决策中的领域特异性

风险领域特异性指某特定领域内的风险决策和偏好可能会受到领域内特有的风险因素影响, 因而会导致领域特异性的行为。基于期望法则的风险决策理论认为, 风险倾向具有跨情境的稳定性。但近20年行为决策领域的证据表明, 风险倾向具有领域特异性, 其机制探索、测量工具和影响因素方面均取得了积极进展。从机制探索历程来看, 以往主流机制着重从风险−回报框架解构领域特异性的风险行为, 近年研究在丰富其机制检验证据的同时, 开始从进化、人格、动机等新的视角进行解读; 在测量工具层面, 领域特异性风险量表仍占主导地位, 并在多种文化、内容领域和群体间得到了进一步检验和扩展, 其他基于不同内容领域划分的风险领域特异性量表也具有较好的信效度; 在影响因素层面, 大量研究从遗传、环境、个体差异等角度探索了导致风险领域特异性的前因变量。未来研究方向应注重整合各风险内容领域, 在更加细化的风险领域检验现有理论, 并进一步探索个体层面的领域特异性规律。     

论创造阈

创造阈是人观念地把握了的某一文化领域的现状与所期望的目的之间的、处在意识领域边缘的、具体实现创造思维的心理区域 ,是人通过长期的学习、积累和广阔自由的思维探索 ,特别是通过比较、质疑、直觉思维而建构起来的一个心理区域。问题、概念、论题、纲要、要求、意念等是创造阈的具体存在形态     

The complex relationship between creativity and affect / La compleja relación entre creatividad y afecto

Abstract

The cognitive components of creativity have been widely studied since the last century. However, the role of non-cognitive elements, particularly affect, has only started to be recognized and researched in the field of psychology during the last decades. This paper offers a critical review of the most relevant contributions to the study of the relationship between creativity and affect, from the preliminary research conducted within the psychoanalytic, humanistic and cognitive frameworks, to the most current lines of research regarding the relationship between creativity and emotional states and traits. We then present three integrative and heuristic models as promising initiatives in the study of such a relationship. Finally, we highlight some theoretical and practical considerations for future studies, such as a greater delimitation of conceptualizations of creativity and affect, and the domain specificity of the relationship between them.     

时间与创造力关系框架的构建

本文从时间对主体创造力的刻画与影响以及主体加工、处理时间的方式对自身创造力所产生的影响两个方面,整合了散落在各处的时间与创造力关系的研究,并构建丁它们之间关系的框架。讨论了以后时间与创造关系研究的方向以及从该方面培养创造性的前景。     

创造力研究的回顾与前瞻

从研究思路、研究方法两个方面对创造力的研究进行了回顾,认为已有研究主要是沿着横断研究和纵向研究两条路线进行的;研究方法主要有传记法、实验法、心理测量法、计算机模拟研究和跨文化研究。在对历史和现状做出简要评价的基础上,总结了创造力研究的一些新的发展趋势,认为创造认知机制与社会机制的结合,以及实验的与更具生态效度的研究结合将为揭开人类的创造之谜提供新的可能性。     

创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅰ）——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用凋查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对创造性的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众认为高创造性者的特征主要涉及认知和人格两个方面。2．公众对高创造性者的特征的认识与专家的认识存在广泛一致,但在广度,深度和具体项目的重要性上存在不少差异。3．不同教育程度的公众对高创造性者的特征的认识总体差异显著．4．公众的性别,年龄,教育程度对高创造性者的特征的认识的某些方面影响显著或非常显著。     

Mark Twain,Criticism, and the Limits of Creativity

Beginning with the New Criticism and continuing in postmodern criticism, academic critics of literature have tended to treat literary texts as if they were sacred and authors as infallible, while ignoring evidence to the contrary. There are at least three possible reasons for such practices: first, the rise of the profession of English out of the seminary, biblical exegesis, and classical philology; second, the "Matthew effect;" and, last, the persistent tendency of academics to see creativity as volitional, rather than situational. This article demonstrates four typical errors that authors make: a tendency to repeat themselves, a tendency to ignore their own best work, a tendency to fail at attempts to shift genres, and, finally, the tendency for authors' creative powers, like all else in life, to fail with age. Mark Twain is used as an example of the latter three of these failings. This may seem an exercise in second-guessing, but, until the fallibility of authors is accepted, academic critics will not be able to develop an understanding of literary creativity.     

创造性测验的性别与材料差异效应

以415名中学生为对象,采用修订后的《青少年科学创造性测验》考察了创造力的性别差异,并分析了不同测验材料对创造性表现的影响。结果发现：（1）在创造性总体上高中生显著优于初中生,但不存在显著的性别差异;（2）在流畅性与灵活性方面不存在显著性别、年级差异,在独特性上性别和年级的交互作用显著,表现为高中男生得分显著优于女生,而初中性别差异不显著;（3）不同性质的测验材料对创造性的影响不同,言语任务方面不存在显著的年级、性别差异,而图形任务方面则是高中生显著优于初中生,男生显著优于女生。     

创造力的脑结构与脑功能基础

从脑结构和脑功能两方面对创造力的脑神经基础进行了评述。就创造力的脑结构而言,尸体脑解剖研究表明创造力可能与顶叶与角回有关;活体脑结构成像研究则显示,创造力主要与额叶、扣带回以及皮下白质或灰质浓度有关。就创造力的脑功能而言,任务取向研究表明创造力任务主要激活了额叶和顶叶及少数其他皮层区域;而个体差异取向研究则表明创造力被试激活了右侧额叶、大脑皮层以及小脑的某些区域。未来研究需在加强脑结构影像研究基础上,注重从被试抽样和筛选等方面细化任务模式和个体差异模式的创造力研究,以获得更一致的结果。     

创造力与能力、专长及胜任力关系评述

创造力的实质及其培养问题,一直处于心理学家研究的视野当中。本文试图对创造力与能力、专长及胜任力等相关概念的关系作以简要评述,以期获得对创造力更深刻的理解。