特殊的视错觉：运动诱导视盲

突显的静止目标被一定空间范围内运动背景所覆盖时, 人类会感受到静止目标消失再重现的发生, 这种视错觉现象叫做运动诱导视盲(motion-induced blindness, MIB)。该现象成因的理论解释主要有：注意竞争理论、知觉完型加工理论以及神经生理机制相关理论。作为特殊的视错觉现象, 该现象与其他盲视现象不同,主要是由客体识别过程中的知觉变化引起; 另一方面, 运动诱导视盲中“反知觉”现象的特殊性也是研究者关注的问题之一。神经生理机制层面的研究关注早期、晚期皮层在该现象发生时的变化, 采用眼动、脑电等技术对错觉现象发生时程进行测量与评估。文章在总结已有相关研究的基础上进一步指出今后可深入探索的研究方向有：MIB发生的深层机制、作为研究意识神经相关、无意识知觉加工等课题的工具、MIB中的意义性加工与认知冲突等。     

视错觉产生的神经机制

传统认知心理学对视觉错觉的解释存在局限性。认知神经科学在移动错觉、轮廓错觉、颜色错觉研究中的一批新发现,可以综合并概括为一种视错觉发生的神经关联重叠机制。该重叠性表现为错觉与相应的真实知觉具有本质上相同的神经活动,即错觉与真实知觉享有共同的神经关联,没有只对错觉反应而不对真实知觉反应的特定神经关联物,而错觉神经活动的特别之处是在真实知觉发生的相同脑区有更强烈的激活     

思维错觉浅谈

什么是错觉,目前心理学有一个基本统一的解释,即是指人们对外界事物的不正确的知觉。然而,人类对世界客观事物的认识,一般分两个阶段:即感性阶段(包括感知阶段)和理性阶段,并遵行这个顺序过程去认识事物。感知(感觉和知觉)是感性阶段认识过程的第一步。思维是理性阶段的认识过程。感性阶段(知觉)存在错觉,理性阶段(思维)也同样存在错觉。所以,在整个认识过程中,不正确的认识都可以造成或产生错觉。由此,错觉可以分为感知错觉和思维错觉两种类型。对于感知方面的错觉,许多专     

面孔知觉中的适应现象

人们在比较长时间地知觉加工面孔中的性别、表情、种族、年龄等信息时, 会产生适应现象, 即对这些信息的变化更加敏感, 甚至因过度敏感而产生面孔知觉错觉。研究者创设了适应范式(adaptation paradigm)用于面孔知觉研究, 大多集中于探讨面孔各个维度知觉上怎样出现适应效应, 发现面孔适应效应受制于多种因素, 最近几年研究焦点转向了对面孔属性间关系的探索。未来研究尚需要加强面孔知觉适应的过程研究以及提高面孔适应研究的生态效度等。     

试论几何错觉之成因

试论几何错觉之成因王芳斌（上海师范大学教管系）１引言错觉是指在一定条件下．人脑对外界事物学生的必然的、歪曲的知觉。当今错觉理论纷繁复杂、种类繁多，然而都不能完全、彻底、清楚地解释所有的错觉现象。根据我们最近的研究，错觉的形成经历了三个环节，下面先谈谈...     

多感觉整合中的声音诱发闪光错觉效应

声音诱发闪光错觉效应是典型的视听整合错觉现象, 是指当视觉闪光刺激与间隔100 ms内的听觉声音刺激不等数量呈现时, 被试知觉视觉闪光的数量与听觉声音的数量相等。声音诱发闪光错觉的影响因素既包括自下而上和自上而下的被试内差异因素, 也包括视听刺激依赖程度、视听整合的发展和视听刺激知觉敏感性等被试间差异因素。该效应的产生在时程上主要体现在早期加工阶段, 在脑区上主要涉及多处皮层及皮层下相关脑区。未来研究应进一步考察注意、奖赏和视听整合方式等认知加工对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响, 同时也应该关注声音诱发闪光错觉对记忆和学习的影响以及结合计算模型和神经科学的手段进一步探讨其认知神经机制。     

错觉论证与当代知识论的发展

反对直接实在论的关键论证是错觉论证,它使人们认为在外部对象和心灵之间存在着知觉的感觉材料,这个结论导致了表征论和现象论,进而影响了人们对知识性质的看法。自笛卡尔以来,直至康德,知识论的发展,实际上深刻地隐含着对错觉论证的接受。     

知觉与行为的分离在视错觉研究中的验证

知觉与行为的分离是指人的视觉对物体的知觉与对行为的控制属于两个不同的系统。最早人们从临床病例中发现存在知觉与行为的分离,以后Aglioti等利用铁钦纳错觉实验证实正常人中也存在这一分离现象。一些研究者将两者的分离看作是两个不同视觉皮层通路（腹侧知觉系统和背侧视觉运动系统）的结果。围绕这一分离现象的实验和假说引发了不少的争论。该文回顾了十年来利用错觉实验所做的众多验证性研究,分析了支持和否定分离现象存在的各类证据,对一些重要结果和观点进行了总结,并由此提出了自己的看法。     

知觉与行为分离现象在二维铁钦纳错觉实验中的验

利用二维铁钦纳错觉图片对单手及双手抓握情境下的知觉与行为分离现象进行实验验证,并探讨注意引导等因素对分离现象的影响。实验包括知觉任务和行为任务两项内容,前者主要测量被试的主观错觉量,后者则探讨分离现象是否存在及其影响因素。在行为任务中,记录被试在中心（目标）圆尺寸“实际相同”和“知觉相同”等不同情境下的行为,以拇指和食指抓握图片中心圆的最大抓握孔径为行为指标。结果发现：单手抓握时,左、右手的行为虽然在一定程度上受到了错觉的影响,但均显示出分离现象;双手抓握时,右手受错觉影响的程度减少,分离现象增强,而左手的结果则比较混淆。因此,分离现象是存在的,但它的出现可能受到注意引导、注意分配倾向或双手协调能力等因素的影响。     

大小错觉视角下的眼妆研究

视错觉是一种视觉认知,是在某种知觉条件下产生的对外界事物特性的扭曲。视错觉的产生原因,不仅有脑认知活动导致的生理因素,又有主观线索和经验引起的心理因素。视错觉可以按照不同的现象和成因分为尺寸错觉、轮廓错觉、运动错觉、细胞群错觉、扭曲错觉和不可能图形等六大类。     

The influence of age, sex, and specialized training on the vertical-horizontal illusion

With the aim of investigating the perceptual processes responsible for perceptual illusions, we have studied the influence of age, sex and specialized training on two forms of the vertical-horizontal illusion. In Figure A, the vertical is a short distance away from the horizontal; in Figure B, the vertical meets the horizontal segment at its mid-point. Both figures were presented in brief (0-2 second) and long (I-o second) tachistoscopic exposure, and in unlimited exposure.

When time is unlimited. Illusion A increases up to 9-10 years and then remains constant and Illusion B decreases as a function of age and chiefly as a function of the degree of scientific training. The illusions are stronger in tachistoscopic perception than under conditions of umlimited exposure. Both illusions also increase in tachistoscopic perception with age except for science students. Under condition of unlimited time, women have stronger illusions than men. This difference does not occur in tachistoscopic perception.

These results may be interpreted in terms of the interaction of three processes: interaction among the elements of a figure (field effects); perceptual activity which makes possible the passing from syncretism or multiplicity to organized perception; and the activity of measuring the elements relatively to each other. This latter activity develops with cultural level and especially with scientific training. It is more effective with men than with women, due, it is suggested, to the spatial factor being higher in men.     

The influence of verbal labeling on the perception of odors: evidence for olfactory illusions?

Using the definition that an illusion is observed when a stimulus is invariant but context alters its perception, we examined whether verbal context could produce olfactory illusions. To test this effect, we chose five odors with minimally fixed sources and that could be interpreted with various hedonic connotations. The odors were violet leaf, patchouli, pine oil, menthol, and a 1:1 mixture of isovaleric and butyric acids. Subjects individually sniffed each odor at two different sessions separated by one week. At each session an odor was given a different verbal label (either positive or negative) and subjects rated the odors on several hedonic scales and provided perceptual and interpretative responses to them. Results showed that the perception of an odor could be significantly influenced by the label provided for it. We propose that the cases where verbal labels inverted odor perception are the first empirical demonstrations of olfactory illusions.     

Geometrical haptic illusions: The role of exploration in the Müller-Lyer,vertical-horizontal,and Delboeuf illusions

This article surveys studies of the occurrence, in the haptic modality, of three geometrical illusions well known in vision, and it discusses the nature of the processes underlying these haptic illusions.We argue that the apparently contradictory results found in the literature concerning them may be explained, at least partially, by the characteristics of manual exploratory movements. The Müller-Lyer illusion is present in vision and in haptics and seems to be the result of similar processes in the two modalities. The vertical-horizontal illusion also exists in vision and haptics but is due partly to similar processes (bisection) and partly to processes specific to each modality (anisotropy of the visual field and overestimation of radial vs. tangential manual exploratory movements). The Delboeuf illusion seems to occur only in vision, probably because exploration by the index finger may exclude the misleading context from tactile perception. The role of these haptic exploratory movements may explain why haptics is as sensitive as vision to certain illusions and less sensitive to others.     

Visual illusions classified

Visual illusions provide evidence of perceptual processes, especially the use of knowledge about objects and the working rules for seeing. The classification of phenomena is necessary for any science because it facilitates induction and deduction. The phenomena of illusions are no exception. It is hoped that the tentative classification presented here may stimulate further research and raise new questions by revealing gaps in the conceptual structure of how perception proceeds. Finally, a speculation is offered for the functional use of sensations, the qualia of consciousness.     

Illusion reversal rate as a function of subjective depth

Undergraduate students (N = 48) served as subjects in a test of Gregory's theory of illusions. Twenty-four students made judgments about the subjective depth of three reversible illusions--Necker cube, Book, and Pyramid--under the conditions of complete versus incomplete illusions and illusions without depth cues versus with depth cues. An additional 24 subjects recorded the three illusion reversal rates under slightly altered conditions. Differences were found among the various illusions with respect to complete versus incomplete illusions, reversal rate, subjective judgments of depth, and certain correlation values. Support for Gregory's theory of illusion as displaced or misleading depth perception is offered by these results.     

Assimilation and contrast in geometrical illusions: a theoretical analysis.

It is argued that an unwarranted dichotomization of geometrical illusions has produced theories whose explanatory scope is limited to either assimilation or contrast. Since recent attempts at integration lack precision, a 1977 unified model of the perception of extent by Brigner was revised to predict accurately both assimilative and contrastive phases of the parallel lines illusion. Application of the revised model to other geometrical illusions was discussed and a means of parsimoniously accounting for variations in assimilative illusions occurring with age and with lightness of the stimulus figure was suggested.     

Dynamic effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion in grasping: support for a planning/control model of action

A distinction between planning and control can be used to explain the effects of context-induced illusions on actions. The present study tested the effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion on the planning and control of the grip aperture in grasping a disk. In two experiments, the illusion had an effect on grip aperture that decreased as the hand approached the target, whether or not visual feedback was available. These results are taken as evidence in favor of a planning/control model, in which planning is susceptible to context-induced illusions, whereas control is not. It is argued that many dissociations between perception and action may better be explained as dissociations between perception and on-line control.     

Children with spina bifida perceive visual illusions but not multistable figures

We compared 32 children with spina bifida and 32 age-matched controls on two classes of illusory perception, one involving visual illusions and the other, multistable figures. Children with spina bifida were as adept as age peers in the perception of visual illusions concerned with size, length, and area, but were impaired in the perception of multistable figures that involved figure-ground reversals, illusory contours, perspective reversing, and paradoxical figures. That children with spina bifida reliably perceive illusions that rely on inappropriate constancy scaling of size, length, and area suggests that their brain dysmorphologies do not prevent the acquisition of basic perceptual operations that enhance the local coherence of object perception. That they do not perceive multistable figures suggests that their visual perception impairments may involve not object processing so much as poor top-down control from higher association areas to representations in the visual cortex.