乳腺癌的复发转移病灶需要外科治疗吗？

复发转移是乳腺癌常见的生物学特性。发生复发转移后,疾病常常不可治愈,主要治疗目的是减轻症状,改善生存质量,尽可能延长生存期。复发转移性乳腺癌被认为是一种全身疾病,局部治疗常不受重视,对于复发转移病灶的手术切除是否需要争议较大。但复发转移性乳腺癌也是一种复杂的异质性疾病,对某些亚组的转移病灶进行手术切除,与单纯全身治疗相比,可能进一步改善预后。     

导言：外科手术在晚期乳腺癌治疗中的共识与争论

众所周知,在早期乳腺癌与可手术乳腺癌的综合治疗方面,仍是以外科手术为主。时至今日,早期乳腺癌的治疗目标是治愈,而手术是治愈早期乳腺癌必不可少的手段,这一总体原则一致获得国际医学界的公认,并指导着当代乳腺癌治疗的临床实践。对于晚期乳腺癌而言,公认其无法治愈,其治疗目标是延年益寿、改善生活质量。手术是一种有创伤的局部治疗方法,而乳腺癌是一种全身疾病,既然晚期乳腺癌无法治愈,那么手术是否必要,是不是多余的呢？由此产生了外科手术在晚期乳腺癌治疗领域有无必要的争论。     

晚期乳腺癌如何选择内外科治疗

晚期乳腺癌包括局部病变较晚、无法直接手术的患者和初诊时已有远地转移M1及手术后的复发转移患者。目前,我们国家对于这些患者的处理非常混乱,往往初始治疗与首次接诊医生的专业范围大有相关。孤立病灶的晚期乳腺癌患者,全身播散背景已成定势,全身药物治疗才是最重要的治疗手段。对于已经全身转移的晚期乳腺癌患者来讲,是否加用局部病灶切除,需根据患者的全身情况而定。任何一种治疗的选择及安排都应按照药品临床试验管理规范（GCP）原则进行,以期最大限度改善生活质量及生存时间。     

晚期乳腺癌外科治疗的时机与个体化选择

IV期乳腺癌是难以治愈的疾病,治疗方法是综合治疗,目的是缓解症状、改善生活质量、延长生存期。外科治疗作为综合治疗的一部分,对手术切除Ⅳ期乳腺癌原发灶或转移灶的临床意义和手术时机存在争议,本文结合文献从哲学的角度分析讨论Ⅳ期乳腺癌是否需要外科处理。认为Ⅳ期乳腺癌全身治疗和外科治疗是治疗过程中矛盾主要方面和次要方面的关系,可互相转化,两者作用相辅相成,当全身治疗病情缓解时,个体化选择外科治疗不仅改善生存质量,还可能提高生存率。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术循证医学证据

低位直肠癌是否行保肛手术的主要依据是病人的全身条件、肿瘤的分化程度、浸润转移的范围以及距齿状线的距离而个体化对待。对于低位直肠癌是否行保肛手术、低位直肠癌保肛手术后是否行结肠贮袋吻合术、直肠癌术前是否新辅助治疗以及是否行腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术,这些方面都需要依据循证医学证据,不能凭个人主观意愿,这样才有助于进一步提高直肠癌的治疗效果。     

蒽环类耐药转移性乳腺癌的治疗现状与思考

蒽环类药物是治疗乳腺癌最有效的化疗药物之一,但蒽环类耐药后乳腺癌可发生复发或转移,而转移性乳腺癌仍然提倡以化疗为主的综合治疗。肿瘤学工作者应以循证医学为指导,合理选择化疗方案,注重个体化治疗,才能在蒽环类耐药转移性乳腺癌的治疗上取得新突破。     

蒽环类耐药转移性乳腺癌的治疗现状与思考

蒽环类药物是治疗乳腺癌最有效的化疗药物之一,但蒽环类耐药后乳腺癌可发生复发或转移,而转移性乳腺癌仍然提倡以化疗为主的综合治疗.肿瘤学工作者应以循证医学为指导,合理选择化疗方案,注重个体化治疗.才能在蒽环类耐药转移性乳腺癌的治疗上取得新突破.     

乳腺癌保乳手术的哲学思考

保乳手术基于乳腺癌是一种全身疾病的认识,符合医学发展的方向并最大程度地满足了患者对形体美的追求,保乳手术是早期乳腺癌手术的发展趋势,保乳治疗是多种疗法序贯应用的综合治疗。乳腺外科医师应及时转变治疗观念,以更大的责任心给予乳腺癌患者最好的治疗和更多的人文关爱。     

晚期乳腺癌局部病灶的外科处理探讨

晚期乳腺癌局部病灶的外科治疗目前仍存在较多争议。本文对近年来晚期乳腺癌外科研究进展、常用的手术技术方法,治疗中应注意的几个问题进行探讨。对于晚期乳腺癌应遵循个体化治疗原则,权衡手术风险与生存获益,而不应该简单笼统选择或放弃局部外科治疗。     

手术治疗在晚期乳腺癌中的应用价值

乳腺癌已经成为女性最常见的恶性肿瘤。虽然乳腺癌的早期诊断和治疗水平已经得到了很大水平的提高,但是仍有相当一部分患者在诊断时就已经存在远处转移,或者在术后出现局部复发以及远处转移。对于手术治疗在这些晚期乳腺癌患者中的作用,目前还存在很大的争议。本文对相关内容进行了探讨,认为晚期乳腺癌的治疗需要多学科协作的综合治疗,不应该忽视手术这个重要的治疗手段,从而使晚期的患者也能获得长期生存甚至治愈的机会。     

晚期乳腺癌原发灶局部处理的若干问题

乳腺癌仍然是严重威胁女性健康的重大疾病。每年新发乳腺癌患者中约有6％为Ⅳ期乳腺癌,而这类患者5年生存率小于20％,局部处理（外科、放疗）可以根除局部病灶及微小转移灶,以延缓或者缓解症状,但是否可以带来生存获益尚无定论。本文对Ⅳ期乳腺癌原发灶的局部处理等方面的若干问题作一综述。     

Traumatic stress, life events, and emotional support in women with metastatic breast cancer: cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms associated with past and current stressors.

This study examined levels of intrusion and avoidance symptoms and their relationships to past life stress, current emotional support, disease-related variables, and age in 125 women with metastatic breast cancer. The results indicate that a sizable proportion of these women experienced clinically significant levels of intrusion and avoidance symptoms related to their cancer, particularly those with both more stressful past life events and higher current levels of aversive emotional support. Additionally, both types of symptoms were associated with shorter time since recurrence, and avoidance symptoms were associated with smaller emotional support networks. These results indicate that metastatic breast cancer is an emotionally traumatic event for a significant proportion of women, particularly those with past life stressors and unsupportive social environments.     

'Them' and 'us': the experiences of women with metastatic disease in mixed-stage versus stage-specific breast cancer support groups

The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in mixed-stage and stage-specific groups. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to examine 15 interviews from eight women with MBC. The interviewees felt that their experiences were very much different from those of women with primary breast cancer (BC), because of their different prognoses. In mixed-stage groups, the interviewees described feeling silenced, marginalised and helpless. They did not receive support in these groups because survivors of primary BC are often afraid to face the idea of metastasis. In stage-specific MBC groups, on the other hand, women were able to talk openly and were understood by others with whom they identified. They became more informed about issues related to their illness. Seeing others living well despite MBC made them feel more hopeful. Although there are some disadvantages of participating in stage-specific groups, the findings suggest that, overall, stage-specific groups are more helpful to women with MBC than mixed-stage groups. These findings have implications for the provision of group support for this population.     

‘Them’ and ‘us’: The experiences of women with metastatic disease in mixed-stage versus stage-specific breast cancer support groups

The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in mixed-stage and stage-specific groups. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to examine 15 interviews from eight women with MBC. The interviewees felt that their experiences were very much different from those of women with primary breast cancer (BC), because of their different prognoses. In mixed-stage groups, the interviewees described feeling silenced, marginalised and helpless. They did not receive support in these groups because survivors of primary BC are often afraid to face the idea of metastasis. In stage-specific MBC groups, on the other hand, women were able to talk openly and were understood by others with whom they identified. They became more informed about issues related to their illness. Seeing others living well despite MBC made them feel more hopeful. Although there are some disadvantages of participating in stage-specific groups, the findings suggest that, overall, stage-specific groups are more helpful to women with MBC than mixed-stage groups. These findings have implications for the provision of group support for this population.