流言理论和问题理论

把流言理论和问题理论联系起来似乎并不合适。不小过,人们也许会轻易地把一则流言理解为一种解答,即当做对于从集体角度来看具有重要意义的某个问题的、特别具有就事论事色彩的、完全以精神上的即兴创作为标志的解答：例如,为了说明一个人为什么完全有理由担忧,为了说明一个人可能有的、对某项新发明持敌意态度的无论什么理由,     

意识形态和理论

在马克思主义的发展过程中,有一个特殊的、在历史上也是唯一的自相矛盾的情况,这就是:这种学说虽然揭示了人们怎样受政治条件所迫把社会意识神秘化了,但是当这种学说宣称自己绝不是神话的时候,它本身也就成了一种神秘的骗人的东西。这种情况的独特性就在于:一种真正科学的理论(从传统的理性思维中产生出来,并在欧洲文化     

论理论评价和理论选择的复杂性

评价和选择理论是科学研究程序中一个不可缺少的重要环节,一直受到科学家与哲学家的重视和讨论。然而,由于这个问题直接涉及到科学的目的、科学的方法等科学观方面的基本问题以及科学家的社会与心理方面的问题,所以显得十分复杂。这里我们准备涉猎与理论评价和理论选择这个复杂问题有关的一些主要方面。     

时间知觉理论和实验范型

回顾了时间知觉界定上的纷争．在分段综合的框架下考察了时间知觉的内涵．并基于生物模型、认知模型和综合模型对时间知觉的理论解释进行了讨论,还分析了时间知觉的实验范型．进一步指出分段综合取向对时间知觉研究的重要意义。     

亲密性的理论和研究

埃里克森在他的人生发展阶段理论里提出,人生的第六个发展阶段需要解决“亲密与孤独”这一对矛盾。由于从广义而言,亲密关系伴随着人的一生,所以对亲密性心理的研究显得尤为重要。文章总结了西方在这方面的理论和研究,重点对一生发展中亲密性状态的变化、亲密性状态的测量以及亲密性的个体和性别差异的相关理论和研究做了比较全面的介绍,概括了该研究领域历史的、以及新近的研究成果,并进行了简单评述。     

乔治·卢卡奇的政治和理论

在“批判乔治·卢卡奇的政治、文学和立场”一文里我们已把卢卡奇所犯错误在政治和社会方面的根本原因挖掘出来了。现在,让我们从他的哲学世界观方面揭发他对待匈牙利1956年的阶级斗争的态度所突出表现的错误立场底几个中心动因,并阐明其在文学理论上的后果。     

邓小平的小康理论和实践

本文从历史的角度考察了小康理论的一般内容,以此为根据讲述了邓小平小康理论的内容,及其在社会主义现代化建设中的作用和意义。     

周延理论和内插定理

三段论规则中的周延律一般是指中项在前提中至少周延一次,前提中不周延的项在结论中不得周延。本文把直言命题中作为主项和谓项出现的词项处理成零元模态词,提出一个零元模态逻辑系统来精确定义周延这一概念,并论证这两条规则可以从该系统的内插定理直接导出,由此确立周延律的正确性。     

友谊和道德发展关系的理论和研究

该文从哲学的理论和心理学的实证两方面论述了友谊和道德的关系。认为友谊和道德是密不可分的 :道德主要是一种人际结构 ,友谊基本上是一种道德现象 ,友谊还是道德发展的一个重要背景 ;友谊和道德具有一种潜在的对立性。最后提出了在友谊和道德领域值得注意的研究方向。     

伦理经济学是经济学理论和伦理学理论的综合

经济学理论研究如何界定（分配）足够的资料（资源），以达到既定的目的；伦理学理论则是研究哪些个人的和社会的目的是正当的，如何将其与其他各种目的区分开来。从这种对经济学和伦理学理论宗旨的描述中可以清楚看到，伦理学既有别于经济学，又与之密不可分。经济学领域是在确定目的和重点以后而对手段的选择；伦理学领域则是对正确目的及由此产生的价值和规范的选择。对于有分析地选择重点和适应它们的手段，可以做出区分，但在具体的实践中，二者是混在一起的。采取行动的人在特定情况下，应当做出符合重点的决定，同时要为实现这些重点…     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

自我刻板化及其影响因素与效果

自我刻板化是指个体自认为某群体的成员时,把伴随此种身份的刻板印象加诸于自己身上的过程。该文首先简要介绍了自我刻板化的理论基础——自我归类理论,然后从自我刻板化的行为效应、态度效应以及影响自我刻板化的因素等方面对以往的相关研究进行了回顾。最后,指出未来的研究还有必要加强对自我刻板化的应用研究等五方面问题的探讨     

Self-regulatory and narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability: Common and discriminant relations

In three studies we examined the unique relations of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability with the self-regulatory factors of promotion, prevention, assessment, and locomotion. We found that grandiosity has unique positive relations with promotion, assessment, and locomotion but is unrelated to prevention (Study 1). We also found that vulnerability has a unique positive relation with assessment, a unique negative one with promotion, and is unrelated to locomotion and prevention (Study 2). Study 3 replicated these findings and demonstrated that they do not derive from the self-regulatory factors’ or grandiosity and vulnerability’s associations with self-esteem. The results indicate that grandiosity and vulnerability have self-regulatory underpinnings and provide evidence of their specific discriminant nature. Further, they indicate that the critical evaluations associated with strong assessment concerns are a significant vulnerability for both narcissism presentations.     

微生物与行为和精神疾病

病原微生物能够影响宿主的大脑和行为, 甚至诱发精神疾患。肠道细菌可影响小鼠的神经系统发育和行为模式的发展。慢性胃肠病、慢性疲劳综合征等生理疾病中的行为改变与微生物有关; 肝性脑病、多发性硬化等中枢神经系统生理疾病也可能由微生态改变引起; 抑郁症、孤独症等精神疾病与肠道细菌状态和比例有关; 卫生假说支持上述观点。建立良好的共生微生物平衡有利于人类身心健康。可以预期, 共生微生物与身心健康的关系将是今后心理学研究的关注热点。     

Lmx and Job Tension: Linear and Non-Linear Effects and Affectivity

We examined whether linear or non-linear LMX–job tension relationships existed, and if these effects were consistent across levels of negative (NA) and positive (PA) affect. Results indicated that NA and PA moderated the non-linear LMX–job tension relationship. Specifically, the LMX–job tension association was best depicted by an inverted-U form for high NAs. Tension was highest when LMX was moderate and lowest when LMX was either low or high. Tension increased minimally for low NAs across levels of LMX. For high PAs, the relationship was linear and inverse. Conversely, a U-shaped form best represented the LMX–job tension relationship for low PAs. Implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.