多级评分的认知诊断计算机化适应测验

本文在0-1评分的CD-CAT基础上, 拓展出了适合多级评分CD-CAT (psCD-CAT)的认知诊断模型及选题策略, 为实现多级评分CD-CAT提供了方法支持。Monte Carlo模拟实验结果表明：本文拓展的多级评分CD-CAT具有较理想的属性诊断正确率及测验效率和题库安全性, 可以用于多级评分数据的CD-CAT; 模拟实验还表明, 整体来看PS-PWKL和PS-HKL两种选题策略具有较高属性判准率、题库安全性和高测验效率, 且均优于PS-KL选题策略。总之, 本研究对于进一步拓展CD-CAT在实践中的应用提供了认知诊断模型与选题策略等。     

一种优化的多级评分认知诊断模型

本研究在P-DINA模型基础上开发了一种全新的多级评分认知诊断模型——r P-DINA模型。与P-DINA模型相比,r PDINA模型理论上更具优势:它成功克服了P-DINA模型"将被试得分推向0分或满分两个极端"等不足;且r P-DINA模型较P-DINA模型更为充分地利用了多级评分数据原有特征,从而大大提高了模型的诊断正确率。Monte Carlo模拟结果表明:(1)改进后的r P-DINA模型无论是在无结构还是有结构的属性层级关系下,参数估计的精度及属性诊断正确率均明显优于P-DINA模型;(2)r P-DINA模型可以处理测验属性更多的测验情景,当测验认知属性高达9个时,其属性边际判准率及模式判准率仍高达96.4%和81.6%。     

属性多级化的认知诊断模型拓展及其Q矩阵设计

本研究在传统0-1属性的基础上, 拓展出可以处理属性多级化的认知诊断模型--PA-rRUM和PA-DINA模型。Monte Carlo模拟研究表明：拓展模型具有较高的属性诊断正确率和参数估计精度, 且参数估计的稳定性较强, 说明拓展模型基本可行, 可以用于实现多级化属性的认知诊断。这弥补了传统0-1化属性认知诊断模型的不足, 具有较好的发展和应用前景|同时本研究还探讨了拓展模型性能及属性多级化下测验Q矩阵的设计。总之, 本研究对于进一步拓展认知诊断在实践中的应用提供了重要的方法和技术支持。     

具有认知诊断功能的区块化自适应测验的提出及验证

CD-CAT以Q矩阵理论为基础，存在着处理属性个数限制的缺点。为了解决该问题，本文提出了具有认知诊断功能的区块化自适应测验（CD-BAT）。CD-BAT将单个的CD-CAT作为区块进行处理，把前一区块的信息作为先验信息用于后一区块的估计过程，并不断更新和修正前一区块的估计结果。模拟研究表明，CD-BAT的判准率略优于CD-CAT，题库质量下降时，这种优势逐渐加大。随着CD-BAT的区块的增加，其属性判准率呈现上升趋势。     

一种多策略认知诊断方法:MSCD方法的开发

当前国内外开发的认知诊断模型基本上只能处理单策略的测验情景,并假设所有被试均采用同一种加工策略/解题策略,从而忽视了加工策略的多样性及差异性.本研究根据de la Torre和Douglas (2008)采用多个Q矩阵来表征多个加工策略的思想,并结合使用丁树良等(2009)修正的Q矩阵理论及孙佳楠,张淑梅、辛涛和包珏(2011)的广义距离判别法,开发了一种新的多策略认知诊断方法——MSCD方法.Monte Carlo模拟研究结果表明:在单策略测验情景下,传统的单策略认知诊断方法与采用MSCD方法的诊断正确率均比较理想,且差异不大;但在多策略测验情景时,传统的单策略认知诊断方法诊断正确率较低,而MSCD方法的诊断正确率却仍较理想;当加工策略增至5种时,MSCD方法仍有较高的边际判准率、模式判准率以及加工策略判准率.研究表明MSCD方法基本合理、可行.这为实现对加工策略的诊断提供了方法学支持,有利于拓展认知诊断在实际中的应用.     

变长CD-CAT中的曝光控制与终止规则

本研究借鉴传统计算机化自适应测验的思想, 并结合认知诊断的特点, 在认知诊断框架下提出了4种变长CD-CAT的终止规则, 分别是属性标准误法(SEA)、邻近后验概率之差法(DAPP)、二等分法(HA)以及混合法(HM)。在未控制曝光和采用不同曝光控制条件下, 与HSU法及KL法进行了比较。研究结果表明：(1) 终止条件越严格, 平均测验长度越长, 按测验长度最大值终止的测验百分比越大, 模式判准率越高。(2) 当未加入曝光控制时, 4种新的终止规则均有较好表现, 与HSU法十分接近。随着最大后验概率预设值的增加或e的减小, 模式判准率呈上升趋势, 平均测验长度逐渐增加, 但在题库使用率方面均较差。(3) 当加入项目曝光控制时, 6种变长终止规则下的题库使用率有了极大的提升, 仍能保持较高的模式判准率, 并且不同的曝光控制方法对终止规则的影响是不同的。其中, 相对标准终止规则极易受到曝光控制方法的影响。(4) 综合来看, SEA、HM以及HA法在各项指标上的表现与HSU法基本一致, 其次为KL法和DAPP法。     

基于HO-DINA模型的多级评分认知诊断模型的开发

本文对具有较好发展前景的HO-DINA模型进行拓展,将仅适用于0-1评分题型的HO-DINA模型拓广至可用于多级评分题型,采用MCMC算法实现了对模型参数的估计,并对新模型性能进行了研究。研究发现: （1）本文拓展的多级评分HO-DINA模型参数估计精度较高且诊断正确率较高。（2）多级评分的HO-DINA模型诊断的属性个数越多,属性参数（ 和 ）和s参数估计的精度越差、属性诊断的正确率（MMR和PRM）越低,但能力参数（ ）和g参数的估计精度反而越高。（3）在当前条件下,若想保证属性模式判准率在80%以上,建议诊断的属性个数不宜超过7个。     

四种新的基于属性平衡的CD-CAT选题策略开发研究

基于属性平衡的CD-CAT选题策略能够保证每个认知属性被相当数量的题目测量,从而提高被试属性判准率,传统的基于属性平衡的选题策略包括MMGDI法和MGCDI法。本文针对传统的基于属性测量次数平衡选题策略进行改进,提出4种新的基于属性平衡的选题策略：RMGDI、RMCDI、SE-RMGDI、SE-RMCDI,前两种为基于属性测量次数平衡,后两种为基于属性测量精度平衡的选题策略。模拟研究表明：（1）定长CD-CAT条件下,短测验中,MMGDI表现最好,而长测验中,SE-RMGDI和SE-RMCDI的表现优于传统的属性平衡选题策略。（2）不定长CD-CAT条件下,RMGDI在判准率指标上表现优于传统的属性平衡选题策略,4种新的属性平衡策略在测量效率和综合指标上的表现均优于传统的选题策略。     

可以兼顾策略、认知状态和能力的CD-CAT选题方法

当CD-CAT测验需要同时诊断被试的解题策略、认知状态并评估被试的宏观能力时,就需要在选题过程中兼顾这三个测量目标。用两种不同方式将多策略香农熵(MSSHE)指标与Fisher信息量相结合,提出多策略情境中的DWI指标MSDWI)选题法与“先用MSSHE后用Fisher信息量”的两步选题法。基于多策略RRUM模型(MS-RRUM),将这两种方法与随机选题法在不同属性数量条件下进行模拟比较,结果表明：当属性数量为4个或6个时,两步选题法在策略判准率、认知状态判准率和能力估计三个方面都有最佳的效果。     

多级计分认知诊断计算机化自适应测验的新选题方法

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验（Cognitive Diagnosis Computerized Adaptive Testing, CD-CAT）是认知诊断评估和计算机化自适应测验两者的结合,兼具认知诊断和自适应测验的特点。目前,针对CD-CAT的研究几乎都集中在0-1二级计分的数据。然而,在教育和心理评估的实际应用中,存在大量的多级计分的数据。因此,本研究探讨了多级计分CD-CAT（Polytomous CD-CAT, PCD-CAT）的实现技术,并提出了2种新的选题方法。通过模拟实验比较了新选题方法和传统选题方法在PCD-CAT的效果,结果表明：在定长PCD-CAT条件下,2种新选题方法的模式分类准确率是最高的,而在非定长PCD-CAT条件下,2种新方法的测验效率也是最高的。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.