上海市青少年心理适应性研究

心理适应是心理健康的外在表现,更是现代社会中个体心理健康的重要标志.为了了解处于社会迅速转型时期的国际大都市上海地区青少年心理适应的状况,在全国调查的背景下,通过对上海地区小学五年级至高中三年级1515名青少年的调查和对仝国数据的比较发现:(1)上海市青少年的心理适应性总体水平略低于全国;(2)存在显著的年级差异,但与全国不同的是初二年级的心理适应性最差;(3)适应性在总体上不存在性别差异,但是女生在生理适应方面显著高于男生,而男生在人际适应方面显著高于女生;(4)学校性质、年龄、性别、家庭所在地、父母受教育水平、家庭月收入等因素与青少年心理适应性密切相关.     

心理资本对大学生就业能力的影响

通过对251名大学生的问卷调查,探讨了心理资本对大学生就业能力的影响.研究表明,年级、家庭所在地以及家庭所在地与是否为独生子女的交互作用对心理资本有显著影响;年级与是否为独生子女的交互作用影响大学生就业能力.另外,心理资本中的自我效能感、韧性和乐观三个维度对就业能力有积极影响.研究认为,大学生本人和高校可采取多种措施,通过培养和提升心理资本来提高大学生就业能力.     

沈阳市在校大学生主观幸福感的调查研究

文章采用《总体幸福感量表》对沈阳市1—4年级240名在校大学生进行了调查,在选取研究对象时,分别以师范类院校、理工类院校和综合类院校作为代表进行分类,从主观幸福感的角度去调查研究在校大学生的生活和学习现状,试图了解在校大学生的总体幸福感及其差异。通过调查发现大学生的主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平,不同性别大学生的主观幸福感有显著差异,其中女生总体幸福感得分的均值大于男生,且在对健康的担心这一因子分上男女生有显著差异。不同年级大学生的主观幸福感有显著差异,其中一年级的幸福感得分与其他三个年级有较大差异。根据研究结果,分别就社会、家庭、学校等方面对个体主观幸福感的影响因素展开讨论,并给出相应建议与对策。     

负性生活事件与初中生内化问题：反刍思维的中介作用与同伴依恋的调节作用

基于素质-压力模型及依恋的内部工作模式理论,研究考察了反刍思维在负性生活事件与初中生内化问题关系中的中介作用,以及同伴依恋的调节作用。研究从武汉和商丘两所初中三个年级共选取800名初中生,采用问卷法对其负性生活事件、反刍思维、同伴依恋及抑郁和焦虑情况进行调查。结果显示：(1)在控制性别、年龄、年级、独生与否后,负性生活事件对初中生抑郁和焦虑均具有显著正向预测作用;(2)反刍思维能够在负性生活事件与抑郁和焦虑的关系中起中介作用;(3)反刍思维在负性生活事件与初中生抑郁、焦虑关系中的中介作用会受到同伴依恋的调节;(4)同伴依恋能够调节负性生活事件与抑郁之间的关系,但在负性生活事件与焦虑之间的调节作用不显著。研究结果揭示了负性生活事件对青少年内化问题产生影响的心理机制,为引导青少年提升同伴依恋水平,促进心理健康发展提供了有益建议。     

大学生耐挫心理常模的制定——以北京市为例

为建立大学生耐挫心理常模,本研究采用耐挫心理量表,分层随机抽样了2654名北京市大学生进行测量。结果发现：(1)大学生耐挫心理量表的信效度良好;(2)不同性别大学生的总体耐挫水平无显著差异,女生耐挫心理的坚信维度和醒悟维度得分低于男生,可控维度得分高于男生;(3)大一学生总体耐挫水平显著高于其他年级,大二学生耐挫心理的坚信维度和醒悟维度得分低于大三和大四学生,大三和大四学生耐挫心理的可控维度和乐观维度得分低于其他年级;(4)人文社科类专业学生耐挫心理的可控维度和乐观维度得分低于自然科学类专业学生。结果表明,所建立的平均分常模和百分等级常模可作为评价大学生耐挫心理的参照标准。     

大学生心理资本与就业能力的现状调查与对策分析

为研究大学生心理资本与就业能力的关系,运用《积极心理资本问卷(PPQ)》和《大学生就业能力自评量表》对河西学院600名大学生进行了调查研究。通过研究发现:1.大学生心理资本总体均值大于量表的理论中值;在心理资本的各因子上,不同民族的大学生在韧性因子上差异非常显著(p0.05),不同年级的大学生在自我效能感、韧性和希望因子上差异显著(p0.05),文理科大学生在韧性因子上存在显著差异(p0.05)。2.大学生就业能力的总体均值及各因子的均值均大于量表的理论中值;在就业能力各因子上,不同民族的大学生在实践能力与适应能力上有显著差异(p0.05),不同年级大学生在人际沟通能力、适应能力上差异显著(p0.05),不同专业学生在大学生就业能力中的人际沟通能力、适应能力上差异显著(p0.05)。3.大学生心理资本与就业能力显著相关,且大学生心理资本各因子对就业能力具有较强的预测作用,可以通过加强大学生心理资本的积累进而提升大学生的就业能力。     

云南省大学生自杀行为及相关因素分析

采用SCL-90、青少年生活事件量表、应对方式量表、社会支持评定量表和自编的外显行为量表对云南省3313名大学生进行了测查,并探讨了包括自杀意念及自杀企图在内的自杀行为状况及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)427(13.2%)名大学生有自杀意念,卡方检验显示女生人数显著多于男生;154(4.7%)名大学生有过自杀企图,男女生人数没有显著差异;(2)自杀意念和自杀企图在人口统计学变量上有显著差异:在自杀意念上,女生、独生子女、文科生、来自城市的学生和不完整家庭的学生、月支出少于100元的学生得分显著高于与之对应的大学生;而在自杀企图上,只有来自城市的学生和不完整家庭的学生、月支出少于100元的学生得分显著高于与之对应的大学生;(3)大学生自杀意念和自杀企图与心理症状、生活事件、情感中心应对呈显著的正相关,与问题中心应对、社会支持呈显著的负相关;(4)在结构模型中,社会支持在心理症状和自杀行为中起到显著的调节作用,情感中心应对在生活事件、社会支持、社会支持对心理症状的调节作用中起显著的中介作用,而问题中心应对在生活事件、社会支持、社会支持对事件的调节作用中起显著的中介作用。     

上海市大学生网络行为偏好的实证研究

以上海市6所高校的565名大学生作为被试,采用定量与定性相结合的方法,探讨不同年级、不同性别、文理科大学生的网络行为偏好.结果表明,在信息获得偏好得分上,文科生显著高于理科生,男、女生得分差异不显著,存在显著的年级与学科交互作用,随年级增加信息获得偏好得分呈递增趋势;在游戏偏好得分上,男生显著高于女生,理科生显著高于文科生,随年级增加游戏偏好得分呈递减趋势,性别与学科,年级与学科均存在显著交互作用.交往偏好得分的性别、专业、年级的主效应不显著,但性别与学科有非常显著的交瓦效应.     

大学生抗挫折心理能力对自杀意念影响的研究

为了探讨大学生抗挫折心理能力对自杀意念的影响,采用《抗挫折心理能力问卷》和《自杀意念自评量表》对882名大学生进行调查研究.结果发现:(1)大学生抗挫折心理能力在性别、年级、生源、学校类型等因素上存在显著差异;(2)大学生抗挫折心理能力与自杀意念之间呈显著的负相关,抗挫折心理能力的多个因素与自杀意念各因素之间的负相关显著;(3)大学生的挫折容忍力、意志品质、挫折复原力、信心、挫折认知水平、挫折经验是自杀意念的有效预测变量.     

大学生家庭亲密度与适应性的调查与分析

探讨天水师范学院大学生的家庭亲密度与适应性的基本状况,为高校顺利开展心理健康工作与家庭教育相结合提供参照依据。结果表明：天水师范学院大学生家庭亲密度与适应性整体水平良好。实际家庭亲密度与理想家庭亲密度之间存在显著性差异,实际适应性与理想适应性差异不显著。实际亲密度在性别、不同生源地和是否为独生子女这三个维度上均存在差异,不同生源地大学生实际适应性差异显著,理想亲密度在性别和不同生源地两个维度上均存在差异。     

自我超越生命意义对压力和健康关系的调节作用

研究目的是检验一个新的应激应对资源—自我超越生命意义的健康调节作用。自我超越生命意义的理论基础是东方的佛教哲学和道家哲学。研究的测量工具有：大学校园压力量表,一般健康问卷（GHQ-20）,自尊量表和自我超越生命意义量表。被试为来自北京市三所高校的788名大学生。研究结果为：自我超越生命意义可以调节应激条件下的忧郁情绪、一般健康问题和自尊,但是对于焦虑情绪和自我肯定的调节作用不明显。研究结论是：自我超越生命意义对心理健康的某些方面具有调节作用     

家庭累积风险与青少年心理健康的关系——心理资本的补偿效应和调节效应

对1473名初、高中生进行问卷调查，考察家庭累积风险与青少年心理健康的关系以及心理资本的补偿效应和调节效应。结果发现：（1）家庭累积风险负向预测生活满意度，正向预测焦虑/抑郁；（2）心理资本正向预测生活满意度，负向预测焦虑/抑郁；（3）心理资本只能调节家庭累积风险与焦虑/抑郁的关系，表现为心理资本缓冲家庭累积风险对青少年焦虑/抑郁的不利影响。因此，改善家庭环境和培养心理资本是提升青少年心理健康的重要途径，需注意心理资本的培育对焦虑/抑郁和生活满意度作用的差异。     

An exploration of the benefits of animal‐assisted activities in undergraduate students in Singapore

The rise in psychological problems, attrition, and suicide rates of university students has been linked to the stressful challenges faced during university life. To buffer this, animal assisted activities (AAA) may assist in improving psychological and physiological well‐being in students, however, to date, there is little empirical evidence for their effectiveness. Consequently, this study explored the psychological and physiological benefits of AAA in a sample of undergraduate students. Sixty‐two students from two local universities participated in an hour‐long AAA session delivered by Therapy Dogs Singapore. Measures of perceived stress, anxiety, state self‐esteem, and blood pressure (BP) were taken before and after the sessions. The results indicated that students experienced significant decreases in state anxiety, systolic, and diastolic BP post AAA, and when compared to a quiet reading comparison session. State self‐esteem increased post AAA and, further, was found to moderate the change in anxiety in addition to perceived stress, whereby perceived anxiety reduced more in those with low state self‐esteem and high perceived stress. These results suggest that AAA can be an effective intervention for stress among undergraduate students, which utilizes a novel, easy to implement and enjoyable approach for Singaporean students.     

International students’ attachment and psychological well-being: the mediation role of mental toughness

This study examined the relationships of adult attachment, mental toughness (MT), and psychological well-being of international students. We hypothesized that attachment anxiety and avoidance would predict psychological well-being outcome variables and that MT would mediate the attachment-wellbeing links. The participants were 217 international students from a large public college in the United States. Structure Equation Modeling analyses were used to examine the proposed mediation effects. Result showed that MT functioned as a mediator for the paths between attachment anxiety and the two well-being latent variables of psychological distress and life satisfaction. On the other hand, attachment avoidance was found to have a more direct effect on adjustment difficulties without going through MT. Limitation and counseling implications are discussed.     

Parental control, trait anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students

Research on developmental psychopathology has highlighted the role of parental behavior in subsequent development of pathology in children and adolescents. Although parental psychological control has been an area of interest to researchers, the connection between psychological control and anxiety has not been well established. We administered measures of perceived parental control and acceptance (separate forms for mother and father), trait anxiety, and satisfaction with life to 202 undergraduate students. Analysis indicated that perception of parents (both mother and father) as psychologically controlling was significantly positively correlated with trait anxiety and significantly negatively correlated with satisfaction with life. This held even after the effects of psychological control by the other parent were statistically eliminated.     

Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students’ Well-Being

Parental involvement is related to many positive child outcomes, but if not developmentally appropriate, it can be associated with higher levels of child anxiety and depression. Few studies have examined the effects of over-controlling parenting, or “helicopter parenting,” in college students. Some studies have found that college students of over-controlling parents report feeling less satisfied with family life and have lower levels of psychological well-being. This study examined self-determination theory as the potential underlying mechanism explaining this relationship. College students (N = 297) completed measures of helicopter parenting, autonomy supportive parenting, depression, anxiety, satisfaction with life, and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Students who reported having over-controlling parents reported significantly higher levels of depression and less satisfaction with life. Furthermore, the negative effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being were largely explained by the perceived violation of students’ basic psychological needs for autonomy and competence.     

Text anxiety in adolescents: the role of self-criticism and acceptance and mindfulness skills

The current study sets out to explore test anxiety in adolescent students. The effect of sociodemographic variables on test anxiety was controlled for and the relationship between test anxiety and other psychological constructs, such as self-criticism, social anxiety, acceptance and mindfulness, was examined. In addition, the predictive effect/power of these variables was analyzed and a comparative study between high and low test anxiety adolescents was conducted. Participants in this study were 449 high school students, 211 boys and 238 girls, with a mean age of 16.28 years. These participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires composed by the Portuguese versions of Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), Child Acceptance and Mindfulness Measure (CAMM), Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS), and the Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents (SAASA). Results showed that gender, self-criticism and competencies for acceptance and mindfulness had a significant and an independent contribution on the prediction of test anxiety. The comparative study revealed that adolescents with high test anxiety score significantly higher in negative forms of self-criticism, social anxiety and lower in self-reassurance, acceptance and mindfulness, when compared to those with low test anxiety. Despite its exploratory nature, the current study adds to the existing knowledge on the influence of psychological processes, such as self-criticism and acceptance, on test anxiety. These findings might constitute a relevant contribution to psychological intervention with adolescents.     

硕士生压力知觉、状态-特质焦虑、完美主义与睡眠质量的关系

对581名硕士生进行问卷调查,探索压力知觉、状态-特质焦虑、完美主义和睡眠质量之间的关系及作用机制。结果表明：（1）压力知觉可通过状态焦虑间接影响睡眠质量,但以直接影响为主。（2）特质焦虑通过压力知觉和状态焦虑间接影响睡眠质量。（3）非适应性完美主义可直接影响睡眠质量,适应性完美主义对睡眠质量没有直接影响,两者均通过特质焦虑、压力知觉和状态焦虑形成链状中介间接影响睡眠质量。     

压力对大学生网络成瘾的影响机制

为考察焦虑、消极应对方式和积极应对方式在压力与网络成瘾关系中的链式中介效应,使用压力量表、焦虑量表、应对方式量表和网络成瘾量对随机抽取的341名大学生表进行调查。研究显示：（1）焦虑中介了压力与大学生网络成瘾之间的的关系;（2）消极应对方式中介了焦虑与大学生网络成瘾之间的关系,而积极应对方式并未中介焦虑与大学生网络成瘾之间的关系。所以,焦虑和消极应对方式在压力与大学生网络成瘾之间起链式中介作用。     

Internet-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Transdiagnostic Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Mental Health Outcomes

Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) primarily targets the process of psychological flexibility. Its accessibility and low-intensity delivery are applicable across different treatment and prevention scenarios. This transdiagnostic meta-analysis reviews the effectiveness of iACT on anxiety, depression, quality of life, and psychological flexibility across individuals with different psychological and somatic conditions/complaints, or undiagnosed complaints. Seven databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that reported on anxiety, depression, quality of life, and psychological flexibility outcomes from iACT in any adult population. Engagement with iACT was summarized and methodological and population-related variables were investigated as potential moderators of effectiveness. Across 25 studies, small pooled effects were found for all outcomes at post-assessment and maintained at follow-up time-points. Interventions with therapist guidance demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving depression and psychological flexibility outcomes compared to nonguided iACT, and populations defined by a psychological condition or symptoms (e.g., depressed samples) demonstrated greater improvements in anxiety compared to nonclinical or somatic populations (e.g., chronic pain samples or students). Participants completed on average 75.77% of iACT treatments. While we found iACT to be effective in improving and maintaining mental health outcomes across diverse populations, there was limited evidence of reliable, clinically significant effects. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020140086.