试论刘少奇《论共产党员的修养》对传统道德修养理论的继承与超越——纪念刘少奇诞辰110周年

在中国近代的道德转型中,许多学者对建立共产主义道德的理论体系、批判封建旧道德、驳斥西方资产阶级道德等重要工作都做出了重要贡献。刘少奇对共产党员道德修养的论述,是其中重要的组成部分。他将共产党员的道德修养的必要性植根于中国革命实践,从历史发展和人性可变的角度论证道德修养的可能性,并在加强理论学习的基础之上强调道德修养的实践途径与方法,反映了在这一转型过程中中国共产党人对传统伦理道德的批判、继承与超越。     

On the tunnel effect

The experiments described in this paper consist of presenting observers with two similar objects in successive movement in the same plane but of which the end of the first and the beginning of the second are hidden by a screen (tunnel). Under proper experimental conditions the impression received is one of continuous and uniform movement by a single object passing behind the screen.

The hidden phase of this movement assumes all of the characteristics of true, visible movement for its entire extent, and any lengthening of the duration of the invisible phase gives the impression of a momentary halt behind the screen at a definite point. A modification of the position or of the relative orientation of the visible portions of the trajectory influences the apparent form of its invisible portion. This form can be made to assume the aspects of complicated curves which are sketched and described by different observers with remarkable consistency.

All these phenomena are dependent upon the objctive conditions: the speed of the objects while they are visible, the length of the tunnel, the duration of the invisible phase, the relative position of the visible portions of the trajectory; and they vary systematically with these conditions. As one or other of these conditions is varied, the impression of continuity may give way to one of a simple succession of independent movements.

It is thought that the absence of sensory qualities justifies the use of the term “amodal data” to describe the way in which the hidden movement phase makes itself known to the observer. These “amodal data” form the bridge between the modal phases and become an integral part of the total sensory experience. These properties are determined by the nature of the complex system of excitations in the same way as those of the modal phases and one can thus consider this amodal aspect of the combined experience as a truly perceptual phenomenon.     

孔子“晚而喜易”与其晚年思想的变化

<正>孔子与《易经》的关系是一个古老的话题,从司马迁提出孔子"晚而喜易"后,孔子作《易传》之说流行了近千年,"先儒更无异论"(孔颖达《周易正义序》)。然而,欧阳修《易童子问》的     

家庭教养方式对男性罪犯犯罪性获得的影响

该研究对赣州监狱成年男性服刑人员进行父母教养方式(EMBU)问卷的测试。结果表明,家庭教方式是犯罪倾向性获得的心理机制,影响着个体认知图式的形成,对犯罪性获得产生普遍性的影响;影响犯罪的严重程度;父亲因子更多在一般犯罪性层面发挥作用,而母亲因子会影响犯罪的特殊倾向;家庭结构因素要通过家庭功能因素对犯罪发生作用。结论是:不良的教养方式对犯罪性的获得产生深刻的影响。     

汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响

为考察笔画在汉字认知中的作用,探讨了汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响。结果表明：（1）和部件识别类似,笔画认知存在着显著的字劣效应：识别汉字中的笔画比识别单独呈现的笔画反应时明显地长,错误率也大幅度增加,显示了汉字整体对笔画认知的抑制性影响。（2）识别汉字中的笔画的反应时也受背景汉字笔画多少的影响。识别少笔画汉字中的笔画比识别多笔画汉字中的笔画容易。（3）笔画频率对笔画认知也有重要影响,频率高的笔画比频率低的笔画容易识别     

The scientific status of psychoanalytic clinical evidence (III)

Communist ideology is evolving away from its original mould. One of the decisive factors in this process is the rate of acceptance of the ‘Classical’ doctrines by the intellectuals of East‐European countries. In determining the dynamics of the process, the original doctrines and the thinking of the intellectuals are taken as sets of sentences constituting the premisses, and the manifest actual discourse of a Communist country as the set of sentences representing the conclusion. To demonstrate the conclusion from the premisses, heuristic laws are formulated accounting for the various factors conditioning the process of the interaction of Classical Communism and the thinking of the intellectuals. A logical schema of general applicability results, demonstrating the various phases of the evolution of Marxist‐Leninist ideology in East‐European countries.     

Finger Pairings in Two-Choice Reaction Time Taskscolon: Does the Between-Hands Advantage Reflect Response Preparation?

Two fractionated RT experiments tested whether the response-preparation or response-implementation hypothesis better accounts for the observation that two-choice reaction time (RT) usually takes longer when the responses are performed by the fingers of the same hand (within-hand repertoire) than by the fingers of the two hands (between-hands repertoire). In Experiment I (n equals 8), the effect of repertoire on the premotor time and the motor time were studied. RT was divided into the two periods with respect to the onset of change in electromyographic (EMG) activity of the flexor digitorum profundus. Type of repertoire affected both time periods. In Experiment 2 (n = 16), the effects of repertoire and foreperiod duration on the premotor and motor times of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum sublimis were studied. The results of Experiment I were confirmed, and the effects of repertoire and foreperiod duration were found to be additive on premotor time but interactive on motor time. These findings led to rejection of the response-preparation hypothesis and instead supported the view that the central command for the flexion of the right middle finger differs according to the type of repertoire. The command appears to specify a lower rate of recruitment of the prime movers in the within-hand repertoire than in the between-hands repertoire. The execution of the central commands may depend on the state of excitability of the spinal neurons. Analysis of the EMG signals revealed that speed of contraction of the prime movers depends on repertoire when the foreperiod is long but not when it is short. The additivity of the effects of repertoire and of foreperiod duration on premotor time support the view that regardless of the state of preparation of the subject the pattern of EMG activity required for flexion of the right middle finger in each repertoire is specified during the premotor time.     

Judging the Importance of Constant and Variable Candidate Causes: A Test of the Power PC Theory

In two causal induction experiments subjects rated the importance of pairs of candidate causes in the production of a target effect; one candidate was present on every trial (constant cause), whereas the other was present on only some trials (variable cause). The design of both experiments consisted of a factorial combination of two values of the variable cause's covariation with the effect and three levels of the base rate of the effect. Judgements of the constant cause were inversely proportional to the level of covariation of the variable cause but were proportional to the base rate of the effect. The judgements were consistent with the predictions derived from the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model of associative learning and with the predictions of the causal power theory of the probabilistic contrast model (Cheng, 1997) or 'power PC theory'. However, judgements of the importance of the variable candidate cause were proportional to the base rate of the effect, a phenomenon that is in some cases anticipated by the power PC theory. An alternative associative model, Pearce's (1987) similaritybased generalization model, predicts the influence of the base rate of the effect on the estimates of both the constant and the variable cause.     

Humor, Kreditierung und Vertrauensaufbau in einem Erstgespräch nach Suizidversuch

Starting from the analysis of a seemingly irritating intervention of the therapist in the first encounter with a patient after an attempted suicide, the authors examine the question of the humorousness of this intervention and of the significance of such a potentially risky intervention for the development of the relationship. On the basis of the conversation-analytical examination of this particular episode, the article concerns itself with the conceptual relationship between the humorous attitude of Freud and the modern technical concept of giving credit. The concept of giving credit refers to a development-encouraging therapeutic attitude based on a benevolent but demanding attitude towards the patient. Humor in therapy may be seen as the manifestation of such a benevolent but demanding stance towards the patient as it offers the patient an alternative positioning of himself. The impertinent aspect of humor may be seen as a playful therapeutic invitation to try a different self-state. Theoretical and technical considerations on the relationship of the concept of giving credit and the classic concept of the humorous attitude are discussed.     

法律的道德审视:当代中国卫生法伦理学研究的使命

卫生法伦理学是由医学、法学和伦理学三大学科相互交融、渗透而结合的产物。卫生法伦理学作为一门独立的学科有着独特的研究对象。法律的道德审视,不仅是法伦理学研究的基础途径,更是当代中国卫生法伦理学研究的使命。     

Spatial reconstruction of human motion by means of a single camera and a biomechanical model

The value of the results of the inverse dynamic analysis procedures used in the study of human tasks is dependent on the quality of the kinematic and kinetic data supplied to the biomechanical model that supports it. The kinematic data, containing the position, velocity and acceleration of all anatomical segments of the biomechanical model, result from the reconstruction of human spatial motion by means of the evaluation of the anatomic points positions that enable to uniquely define the position of all anatomical segments. Furthermore, the motion data must be kinematically consistent with the structure of the biomechanical model used in the analysis. The traditional photogrammetric methodologies used for the spatial reconstruction of the human motion require images of two or more calibrated and synchronized cameras. This is due to the fact that the projection of each anatomical point is described by two linear equations relating its three spatial coordinates with the two coordinates of the projected point. The need for the image of another camera arises from the fact that a third equation is necessary to find the original spatial position of the anatomical point. The methodology proposed here substitutes the projection equations of the second camera with the kinematic constraint equations associated with a biomechanical model in the motion reconstruction process. In the formulation the system of equations arising from the point projections and biomechanical model kinematic constraints, representing the constant length of the anatomical segments, are solved simultaneously. Because the system of equations has multiple solutions for each image, a strategy based on the minimization of a cost function associated to the smoothness of the reconstructed motion is devised. It is shown how the process is implemented computationally avoiding any operator intervention during the motion reconstruction for a given time period. This leads to an automated computer procedure that ensures the uniqueness of the reconstructed motion. The result of the reconstruction process is a set of data that is kinematically consistent with the biomechanical model used. Through applications of the proposed methodology to several sports exercises its benefits and shortcomings are discussed.     

Thoughts on the emergence of the sense of self, with particular emphasis on the body self

In trying to trace the emergence of the sense of self during the first fifteen months of life--in particular the formation of the bodily self--we used, on the one hand, severe dissociations of the integral parts of the body self such as occurs in psychosis, in the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, and in phantom-limb disturbances and, on the other hand, data from our normative study of the separation-individuation process as inferred from mother-infant interaction in general and the infant's behavior in front of the mirror in particular. The infant's behavior in front of the mirror strongly suggests that feelings about himself only gradually become integrated with perceptual and cognitive awareness of himself. All the data, furthermore, indicate that it is not possible to study the development of the self separate from the development of the object. All inferences contained in our paper about the emergence of the sense of self were made from the point of view of the central organizing, integrating, and synthesizing institution of the mind, that is, the ego. We agree with other authors that the developing self has both experiential and structural aspects. We titled our paper "Thoughts on the Emergence of the Sense of Self" to indicate that this paper is meant to be an initial and quite tentative communication about the vast and elusive area of personality development concerning the emergence of our bodily self, and thus of the core of our personal identity.     

Psychologists and the national socialist access to power

The destruction of psychological science during the early years of the National Socialist (NS) regime is an important part of psychology's history. The proceedings of the congresses of the German Society for Psychology describe the very quick takeover of German psychology by the supporters of the regime and the removal of any opponents of the regime and of Jewish members from the executive structure. The leadership of the field was taken over by psychologists who were early supporters of the government's antidemocratic and anti-Semitic policies. Some of the figures of the NS period reappeared in leading positions in the postwar period.     

Analyzing coefficients of psychophysical power functions

Somemathematical properties of coefficients of power functions were analyzed. The size of correlations between intercepts (the logarithm of the coefficient) andexponent.s depends on the choice of unit of measurement of the physical stimuli. When the mean of logarithms of a set of responses is uncorrelated with the exponent, the absolute size of the correlation between the intercept and the exponent increases as the geometricmean of the stimulus measures deviatesfrom one. When the geometric mean is less than one, the correlation is positive, and when it is greater than one, the correlation is negative. Similar trends hold for a nonzero correlation between the exponent and the mean logarithm of a set of responses. The power of statistical tests of differences between mean intercepts also depends on the geometric mean of the stimuli. Power is reduced as the geometric mean deviates from one. Effects are illustrated with real data.     

Civil law regulation and criminal enforcement of mandatory vaccination policies: A comparative aspect

One of the most important tasks of any state is to provide everyone, including the child, with the opportunity for a healthy and fulfilling life. Processes of immunisation through vaccination are considered most appropriate for the prevention of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study is to understand the legal regulation of immunisation of the population and to give it a legal assessment, to review the legal acts on vaccination in different countries of the world and to identify the legal tendencies of resolving conflicts in the field of vaccination on the basis of court decisions. As a result of the research the prospective directions of work of civil and criminal regulation of vaccination of children, regulation of the right to education for children who have not been vaccinated, the lawsuits, petitions and court decisions regarding the population response to vaccinations were analysed. The authors of the study conclude on the methods of introducing mandatory vaccination of children, the development of new criminal legislation to protect rights and freedoms.     

The Role of Mathematics in Deleuze’s Critical Engagement with Hegel

Abstract

The role of mathematics in the development of Gilles Deleuze’s (1925–95) philosophy of difference as an alternative to the dialectical philosophy determined by the Hegelian dialectic logic is demonstrated in this paper by differentiating Deleuze’s interpretation of the problem of the infinitesimal in Difference and Repetition from that which G. W. F Hegel (1770–1831) presents in the Science of Logic. Each deploys the operation of integration as conceived at different stages in the development of the infinitesimal calculus in his treatment of the problem of the infinitesimal. Against the role that Hegel assigns to integration as the inverse transformation of differentiation in the development of his dialectical logic, Deleuze strategically redeploys Leibniz’s account of integration as a method of summation in the form of a series in the development of his philosophy of difference. By demonstrating the relation between the differential point of view of the Leibnizian infinitesimal calculus and the differential calculus of contemporary mathematics, I argue that Deleuze effectively bypasses the methods of the differential calculus which Hegel uses to support the development of the dialectical logic, and by doing so, sets up the critical perspective from which to construct an alternative logic of relations characteristic of a philosophy of difference. The mode of operation of this logic is then demonstrated by drawing upon the mathematical philosophy of Albert Lautman (1908–44), which plays a significant role in Deleuze’s project of constructing a philosophy of difference. Indeed, the logic of relations that Deleuze constructs is dialectical in the Lautmanian sense.     

Information in speech: observations on the perception of [s]-stop clusters

A series of experiments is reported that investigated the pattern of acoustic information specifying place and manner of stop consonants in medial position after [s]. In both production and perception, information for stop place includes the spectrum of the fricative at offset, the duration of the silent closure interval, the spectral relationship between the frequency of the stop release burst and the following periodically excited formants, and the spectral and temporal characteristics of the first formant transition. Similarly, the information for stop manner includes the duration of silent closure, the frequency of the first formant at the release, the magnitude of the first formant transition, and the proximity of the second and third formants at release. A relationship was shown to exist in perception between the spectral characteristics of the first formant and the duration of the silent closure required to hear a stop. This appears to reciprocate the covariation of these parameters in production across different places of articulation and different vocalic contexts. The existence of perceptual sensitivity to a wide range of the acoustic consequences of production questions the efficacy of accounts of speech perception in terms of the fractionation of the signal into elemental acoustic cues, which are then integrated to yield a phonetic percept. It is argued that it is inappropriate to ascribe a psychological status to cues whose only reality is their operational role as physical parameters whose manipulation can change the phenotic interpretation of a signal. It is suggested that the metric of the information for phonetic perception cannot be that of the cues; rather, a metric should be sought in which acoustic and articulatory dynamics are isomorphic.     

Contesting the Will: Phenomenological Reflections on Four Structural Moments in the Concept of Willing

The starting point of this article is the undeniable experience of conscious willing despite its rejection by scientific research. The article starts a phenomenology of willing at the level of the (epi)phenomenon of willing itself, without assuming its embeddedness in a faculty of the soul, consciousness and so forth. After the introduction, a brief history of the philosophy of willing is provided, from which the paradoxical conclusion is drawn that, according to phenomenologists like Heidegger and his followers, the dominance of the will is the main characteristic of the current age, whereas scientists deny the existence of a conscious will at all. Then, four structural moments of the phenomenon of willing are explored in contrast to traditional characterizations in order to rehabilitate and appreciate the phenomenon of willing in contemporary philosophy: the interconnectedness of the one who wills and that which is willed, the transcendence and demand character of that which is willed, the self-involvement of the one who wills and the ampliative nature of the act of willing. To this end, not only sources from the phenomenological tradition but also the affordance theory of the ecological psychologist James Gibson are critically discussed.     

The psychoneurologic scientific school of Georgi Usunov (1904-1971)

Directed by his own determination of the concept's scientific school', the author has studied the creation and the achievements of one of the scientific schools in the Bulgarian neurology and psychiatry. The preconditions for creating the school, the development of its leader, the characteristics of the personality G. Uzunov's style of work and his view of life, the main directions of his scientific works, the members and the problems of the scientific team, the national and international significance of the school are examined. The importance of succesion is underlined, the influence of the German and the Russian psychiatric schools is investigated.     

西方关于自闭症研究的新进展——与心理理论的关系研究

自闭症是一种罕见的身体机能失调的综合病症。本文阐述了西方关于自闭症研究的新进展,其中分别介绍了自闭症的重要症状、自闭症起因的理论假设以及自闭症与心理理论的关系研究。在阐述的过程中强调了心理理论的缺失是自闭症产生的重要原因。