Quels enjeux pour les soins bucco-dentaires sous anesthésie générale chez les adultes ?

Common dental acts sometimes require to be performed under general anesthesia. This article describes the development of an adult consultation for dental care under general anesthesia at hospital Henri-Mondor in Créteil group. Forty-two people received dental care under general anesthesia during the year 2015 at Henri-Mondor hospital. Thirty-eight percent were aged 21 to 30 years. The main reason for using general anesthesia phobias 56%. The second reason, with 31%, is on disability. Among the type of intervention, 61% represent extractions of permanent teeth. However, our study shows that the indication of general anesthesia must be asked as a last resort. Other alternative techniques exist and must be offered an upstream. General anesthesia tends to grow and be part of a comprehensive treatment of certain categories of patients. General anesthesia comfort remains prohibited.     

Recommandations internationales sur les tests informatisés ou les tests distribués par Internet

In recent years, substantial and rapid developments have occurred in the provision of freestanding and computer or Internet-based testing. These developments raise a number of issues in relation to best practices of administration, security of the tests and test results as well as control over the testing process. To answer these issues, the International Test Commission Council developed guidelines specifically aimed at computer/Internet-based testing, which are internationally approved. This article presents the French adaptation of these international guidelines by the French Psychological Society.     

Comment les enfants utilisent-ils les catégories de sexe ?

Are children aware of the social asymmetry that governs relations between individuals of both genders? Is the cognitive asymmetry described for adults by Hurtig and Pichevin (1998) visible to children? This research shows how 446 5- to 11-year-old children use gender categorization to describe a fictious person to a partner, using the paradigm developed by Hurtig and Pichevin (1990). Some results are consistent with those shown by adults, however others are not and seem to indicate a greater sensitivity amongst the youngest in the mixed situations (subject and partner are of opposite sex), and thus, this is also different according to the gender of the two protagonists. These different results can be explained by the social behaviour of girls and boys at school.     

L’expertise médicale fondée sur les faits

The concept of evidence-based medicine applies to medical activity in general in order to rationalize it. The medical expertise, constantly looking to improve its quality, can no longer ignore this concept. This is the best tool to meet the mission entrusted to experts of assessing the conformity of care to the scientific-acquired features, without neglecting the assessment of the involved practitioner's skills and the particular circumstances of the plaintiff. This article develops the new concept of “Medical expertise based on facts”.     

La pensée politique de Malinovski ou les ambiguités du prédécembrisme

Sans résuméConférence donnée à la Societé Belge de Philosophie, à Bruxelles, rue d'Egmont, le 13 mars 1971.     

Inhomogénéité des évaluations de durée d’incapacité totale de travail. Comparaison d’évaluations des durées d’incapacité totale de travail entre les médecins légistes,les médecins généralistes et les urgentistes

Setting a total length for time off work is a forensic act that all physicians must be able to perform. Given the importance of the legal consequences of this evaluation, it seems desirable that this practice is mastered by all practitioners. However, in practice there is often a disparity between forensic assessments and evaluations provided by other practitioners. To assess this difference in evaluation, we conducted a retrospective study, looking at 4 years of archives, of victims of Marseille's forensic service (CHU Timone), and highlighted a disparity between medical examiners, GPs and emergency physician's assessments. In both comparisons between medical examiners versus GPs (n = 367) or medical examiners versus emergency physicians (n = 511), were found in one third of cases of forensic requalification. The majority of checks on where GP's (80%) determined on over 8 days leave were reassessed under this limit by a medical examiner. This trend is reversed for the majority of (61%) requalification cases of emergency assessments (assessment over eight days by medical examiners. This study, proving a fact long suspected, raises many questions about these disparities evaluation we have discussed.     

Stéréotypes de poids,jugement de valeur et de recrutabilité : les rôles modérateurs du sexe et de la personnalité

ObjectiveThe existing literature testifies to the presence of discrimination against obese people in hiring. The present study aimed to test the effects of candidates’ weight on value judgment and recruitability by taking into account their gender and personality. The study using the judges’ paradigm involved a sample of 279 recruiters. The recruiters were asked to judge eight fictitious CVs including a photo of the candidate, their education, their work experience and their answers to a personality test (proactive or reactive personality). The target job was a medical laboratory technician.ResultsAnalyses of variance revealed significant effects of applicants’ weight, and proactivity on judgements of agreeableness, effort, competence and recruitability. Indeed, obese people are discriminated against in hiring whereas proactivity would be a variable increasing the recruitability judgment. Moreover, the gender of applicants alone is no longer a variable that encourages discrimination.ConclusionThis study opens up a new field of research on proactivity as a social norm of judgement and corroborates previous studies on weight discrimination in personnel selection. The limitations of the study open up new avenues of research.     

Confinement : construction d’une nouvelle représentation sociale chez les étudiants et les salariés

IntroductionThe lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was a brutal experience that had a lasting impact on people's daily lives.ObjectiveThe construction of the social representation of this event was monitored over one year in two sampling phases (March 2020 and March 2021).MethodThe evolution of social representation was carried out using the hierarchical verbal association method and a characterisation questionnaire.ResultsThe results obtained highlighted, on one hand, the emergence of a figurative core, which is transformed into a central core by the repetition and pressure of the lockdown episodes. On the other hand, the variability of the social representation of confinement according to social status, employees structure the social representation around isolation whereas students are focused on loneliness.ConclusionThe effects of lockdown are reflected in the social representation of confinement, showing an impact on mental health, particularly on students.     

L'observance thérapeutique : déterminants et modèles théoriques

The aim of this paper is to examine a certain number of parameters which are classically implicated in the emergence of therapeutic observance behavior. This health behavior can be defined as the consequence of a process of a patient's conforming to medical instructions issued by the medical authority in the framework of treating his illness. However, the determinants of following these medical instructions are numerous and interdependent. Therefore, this paper will attempt to present the concept of observance by proposing certain definitions with a rather vague outline. We will then present three principal models specifically devoted to its study. A study of the determinants of observance versus non-observance will then be envisaged and will treat the characteristics peculiar to the sick, as well as the quality of the relation which is maintained between them and the medical staff–doctors. Far from being exhaustive in the presentation of the concept of observance, we will emphasize more the difficulty in truly understanding such behavior; a problematic which finds a new originality for psychology and the human sciences by its focus on the field of health and illness.     

Prévalence,corrélats et traitements des cauchemars chez les enfants

Few studies have been conducted on nightmares in children. This article presents a review of the literature on the prevalence, correlates and treatment of nightmares while highlighting key methodological issues. Studies indicate that almost half of children experience nightmares and that the presence of nightmares is related to different variables including anxiety, stress, behavioral problems and other sleep disorders. Finally, there is very little information on the treatment of nightmares in children, but promising results have been obtained with techniques based on imagery rehearsal therapy. Based on this review, future directions for research are suggested.     

La formation dans l’enseignement de la psychologie pour les étudiants de cycle supérieur : les compétences essentielles pour les nouveaux enseignants

What pedagogical skills are necessary for first-time college instructors? Ninety-two faculty (M = 41.3 years old, 68% female, 90.2% white, 91% born in the US) and 64 graduate students (M = 28.3 years old, 83% female, 87.5% white, 81% born in the US) listed the top three skills they believed were essential to instructors’ success in the college classroom. Despite differing levels of classroom teaching experience, graduate students and faculty members prioritized “survival” skills: public speaking, organization, and content mastery. Notable differences did emerge: faculty members were more likely to list reflection on teaching and graduate students were more likely to list classroom management and comfort with technology. Faculty also preferred more informal training methods (e.g., self-reflection, mentorship), whereas graduate students preferred more formal training methods (e.g., practice/experience, seminar/workshop). Recommendations for graduate teacher training programs include a focus on lower as well as higher-level skills and an attempt to incorporate formal and informal training methods.     

La relation entre l’usage professionnel des technologies numériques et l’addiction au travail médiatisée par les demandes psychologiques au travail : quelles différences entre les hommes et les femmes ?

Considered as an additional job demand, the use of technologies for work-related reasons could increase psychological demands at work, favoring the appearance of workaholism. Our study examines the impact of the frequency of this use on psychological demands at work and workaholism in a sample of 223 people at work from various professional backgrounds, by verifying whether there are differences between men and women. The results showed that the use of technologies (desktop computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone/mobile phone) for work-related reasons increases psychological demands felt at work, consequently favoring the appearance of the two components of workaholism (working excessively and working compulsively) in men and women. In addition, the results show us gender differences: the strength of the relationship between the use of technologies for work-related reasons and working excessively, partially mediated by psychological demands at work, was slightly higher among men than in women; strength of the relationship between the use of technologies for work-related reasons and working compulsively, partially mediated by psychological demands at work, was found just among men, whereas a full mediation was found among women. This research highlights the importance of investigating the mechanisms that may explain how the use of technologies for work-related reasons could enhance the risk of work addiction, by considering gender differences.     

Profils de routinisation différents chez les personnes âgées : entre adaptation et vulnérabilité

IntroductionThe purpose of the present investigation is to study the routinisation process in elderly persons according to physical, functional, psychological and cognitive resources.MethodsA person-centered approach revealed six profiles of resources in 235 elderly French participants from the 13-year follow-up of PAQUID cohort study.ResultsDifferent functioning profiles were highlighted and were significantly associated with different degrees and functions of routinisation. For the most routinised persons, the routinisation was associated with adaptive functioning. Instead for the less routinised persons, the routinisation was defined as a vulnerability marker. It seems also that this adaptive strategy was less used in persons with dementia.DiscussionThe adaptive attitudes, in particular the routinisation, would be less effective at higher levels of vulnerability.