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双危假说认为,与单一消极类别群体相比,人们对双消极类别群体的刻板印象改变更消极。为检验评价者自我类别效价是否构成双危假说的边界条件,研究1激活被试的消极类别来考察评价双方共享一个消极类别后的刻板印象改变,研究2情境化启动被试的现实类别以考察被试与双类别评价对象共享类别后的刻板印象改变。结果发现:(1)面对双消极类别群体,积极自我类别者的刻板印象改变恶化,表现出“双危”特征,消极自我类别者的刻板印象改变不显著,表现出“保护”特征。(2)消极自我类别评价者对双外积极群体的刻板印象改变更积极,积极自我类别评价者对与自己共享一个积极类别的双类别群体的刻板印象改变更积极。总的来说,刻板印象改变受到评价者自我类别效价的调节。 相似文献
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为探讨以性别与专业构成的交叉分类群体的理科性别刻板印象,研究采用了内隐联想测验和自我报告两种方式,分别从内隐和外显两个加工层面对其予以考察.结果发现,内隐层面上四类交叉分类群体都存在理科性别刻板印象,但外显层面上只有理科男性、 文科男性和文科女性存在该刻板印象,而理科女性不存在.该结果表明理科性别刻板印象非常顽固,即使... 相似文献
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以大学生作为被试,旨在探究:在交叉刻板印象加工过程中,是否存在某一单维刻板印象的加工优势效应?如果存在,靶子熟悉度的差异是否会影响单维刻板印象的加工优势效应?该单维刻板印象加工优势效应是否还会受到其他单维刻板印象加工的调节。研究结果表明:(1)在对具有性别-年龄组合而成的交叉刻板印象的人群进行判断时,通过面孔进行启动,发现在不同的条件下分别存在性别单维刻板印象和年龄单维刻板印象的加工优势效应,即年轻男性或女性面孔的性别特征较年龄特征更容易得到加工和提取,老年男性或女性面孔的年龄特征较性别特征更具有加工优势。而在范畴词汇启动下,老年男性或女性词汇启动下的年龄特征较性别特征更具有加工优势。(2)熟悉性会影响单维刻板印象的加工优势,即在年轻被试感知面孔或范畴词汇时,其对老年男性或女性靶子间击中率的差异要显著大于对年轻男性或女性的靶子间击中率的差异。换言之,年轻被试感知老年人靶子的性别与年龄间的差异要显著大于年轻人靶子,出现自我参照现象。(3)在交叉刻板印象加工中,同时存在的各类单维刻板印象加工是彼此削弱的,具有优势加工效应的刻板印象的加工会受到非优势刻板印象加工的抑制。(4)在交叉刻板印象加工中,优势刻板印象加工会受到其相对刻板印象加工的削弱。 相似文献
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采用改进的flanker范式,探讨了刻板印象激活效应对社会分类的影响,并考察了匹配刺激出现概率对刻板印象激活效应影响社会分类的调节作用。实验一发现,性别刻板印象激活后,按性别分类时,匹配刺激中和不匹配刺激中面孔分类反应时之间的差异是显著的,但按年龄分类时,二者间的差异不显著。实验二表明,匹配刺激出现概率为80%时和50%时,匹配刺激中和不匹配刺激中面孔分类反应时之间的差异是显著的;但当匹配刺激出现概率为20%时,二者间的差异不显著。结果表明,刻板印象激活效应对与该刻板印象对应的社会分类有显著的影响,对与该刻板印象无关社会分类不会产生影响。刻板印象激活效应对社会分类的影响受匹配刺激出现概率的调节。 相似文献
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刻板印象提升指个体意识到外群体具有消极刻板印象, 而产生与受诋毁的外群体向下的社会比较, 以提高个体自我效能感和动机, 进而提高表现; 刻板印象促进是积极刻板印象被激活后的积极结果, 指当个体处在他们的积极刻板印象身份被激活的情境中, 表现上升的一种现象。在刻板印象提升与刻板印象促进概念论述的基础上, 重点探讨了调节变量和结果影响这两种联系, 并从相关概念、被试要求和心理机制这三方面论述了这两者的区别。最后, 指出未来研究应加强对二者的关注, 消除其在概念上的混淆, 开展相关心理与神经机制的研究, 以及结合刻板印象阻抗进行探讨。 相似文献
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刻板印象威胁即污名个体在消极刻板印象领域中表现下降的一种现象.基于以往刻板印象威胁干预措施的不足,分别从激活积极刻板印象特性和启动积极刻板印象身份这两方面引发刻板印象促进,从转变内隐信念、 提高积极印象管理动机和强化相对剥夺这三方面引发刻板印象阻抗,以新的视角系统地探讨了刻板印象威胁的干预措施.最后,在相关文献梳理和阐... 相似文献
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老化刻板印象是人们对老年人所持有的观念与预期,它能显著影响老化刻板印象持有者的生理功能、认知功能和行为结果。现有研究主要集中在老化刻板印象的机制、影响因素和中介变量方面。研究发现,老化刻板印象是通过内化形成的,刻板印象威胁理论和自我刻板化是解释老化刻板印象的两种作用机制。认知加工过程中的抑制能力、情境和文化差异是影响老化刻板印象的主要因素,而老化自我知觉和刻板期望则是老化刻板印象影响效果变量的中介因素。未来研究除了要继续探讨意识水平、情境因素、个体特征对老化刻板印象的影响以及老化刻板印象对不同年龄群体影响的特点以外,还应关注中介和干预研究,并进一步加强跨文化研究。 相似文献
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性别刻板印象是关于不同性别群体的固定观念,因其对社会的性别平等产生消极影响而受到世界关注。以往性别刻板印象的相关研究以人类为主体,随着科技进步,计算机也发展出性别刻板印象且常常被人们忽略。基于此,首先区分了两种不同的计算机性别刻板印象,再分别阐述其已有的研究结果、产生原因以及干预思路。未来的研究可以在分类基础上,进一步探索计算机性别刻板印象的其他领域,验证干预方式的效果,促进现实社会和虚拟世界的性别平等。 相似文献
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《Political psychology》2001,22(2):629-637
Books reviewed:
Charles C. Ragin, Fuzzy-Set Social Science
Ofer Feldman and Christ'l De Landtsheer (eds.), Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere
Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto, Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression
Nancy C. Unger, Fighting Bob LaFollette 相似文献
Charles C. Ragin, Fuzzy-Set Social Science
Ofer Feldman and Christ'l De Landtsheer (eds.), Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere
Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto, Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression
Nancy C. Unger, Fighting Bob LaFollette 相似文献
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Rubin M 《The Journal of social psychology》2012,152(3):386-389
Based on self-categorization theory, group status should be positively related to group prototypicality when the relevant superordinate category is positively valued. In this case, high-status groups should be perceived to be more prototypical than low-status groups even in the absence of concerns about maintaining a positive social identity. To test this hypothesis, a minimal group study was conducted in which participants (N = 139) did not belong to any of the groups involved. Consistent with predictions, participants perceived high-status groups to be significantly more prototypical than low-status groups. Consistent with self-categorization theory's cognitive analysis, these results demonstrate that the relation between group status and group prototypicality is a relatively basic and pervasive effect that does not depend on social identity motives. 相似文献
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Psychology and the End of History: A Critique and a Proposal for the Psychology of Social Categorization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper suggests that self-categories provide the basis for political action, that those who wish to organize political activity do so through the ways in which they construct self-categories, and that political domination may be achieved through reifying social categories and therefore denying alternative ways of social being. Hence, the way in which social psychology approaches the matter of self-categorization provides a touchstone for its politics. To the extent that we too take categories for granted, we are in danger of supporting conservative and undemocratic politics. The only way to eschew tendencies toward reification within social psychology is to add a historical dimension to our own analysis of self-categorical processes. 相似文献
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为探究多元社会认同如何通过群体情绪、自我和群体效能路径,影响现实或网络集体行动参与,研究者分别以中日撞船事件、利比亚事件和就业性别歧视现象为背景蓝本,开展问卷调查和实验研究,结果发现:群体愤怒情绪主要对现实集体行动有显著影响,效能感对现实和网络集体行动皆有显著影响;与事件相关的、更大范畴的社会类别认同,通过情绪路径或效能路径影响集体行动参与,与集体行动组织方的认同则只通过效能路径影响集体行动参与;两类社会认同与两条路径之间是调节而非中介关系。不同事件背景与不同行动场域下的综合分析表明网络集体行动参与决策更具工具理性特征。 相似文献
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去个性化效应的社会认同模型(Social identity model of deindividuation effects, SIDE)是从去个性化理论发展而来,它挑战了去个性化是一定条件下个体失去自我而做出反规则、反社会行为的观点。SIDE从认知维度和策略维度对去个性化现象作了新的解释。新近研究为SIDE提供了证据,也在认同行为表达、网络交流等方面对理论进行了拓展和应用。SIDE的提出在一定程度上更适合现代社会心理学对群体影响和群体行为的研究,同时也需要在更加广泛的文化背景中进一步验证和完善 相似文献
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社会身份复杂性的研究:理论、方法与进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近十年来, “社会身份复杂性”这个概念逐渐引起社会心理学研究者的关注。社会身份复杂性是指个体对多重内群体身份之间的关系进行主观表征的方式, 反映了个体对自己的多重内群体身份之间感知到的重叠程度。当个体感知到的重叠程度较高时, 他们的社会身份复杂性就较低; 反之, 当个体感知到的重叠程度较低时, 他们的社会身份复杂性就较高。本文首先简要介绍了多重内群体身份表征模型, 然后从社会身份复杂性的理论内容、测量方法、作用以及影响因素等方面对以往的相关研究进行了回顾。最后, 指出未来的研究应侧重对社会身份复杂性理论和研究设计的进一步完善、问卷量表的效度验证, 并加强研究结果的具体应用。 相似文献
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Maykel Verkuyten 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1998,8(6):395-407
This study is concerned with majority group members' explanation of ethnic discrimination in Dutch society. The focus is on the causal structure and the type of attributions made. These issues are examined under two identity conditions: personal and national. It is found, first, that single-cause explanations that are typically studied in attribution research were used by only 7% of the participants. Second, the explanation of ethnic discrimination was affected by the level of self-categorization. In the national identity condition, majority group identification was related to the explanation of ethnic discrimination, whereas personal beliefs were related to the explanation given when personal identity was salient. Hence, in addition to the many factors that are taken into account in attribution research, both the causal structure and the question of how the self is defined when explanations are given should be considered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Marco Cinnirella 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1998,8(5):345-362
Context effects in the questionnaire measurement of national stereotypes have been demonstrated in many studies since the early pioneering work of Katz and Braly (1933). More recently, self-categorization approaches (e.g. Oakes, Haslam and Turner, 1994) have been used to explain context effects, with the suggestion that variation in stereotype content can be conceptualized as variation in the comparative meaning of categories, as specified by the meta-contrast principle. However, the methodological consequences of stereotype context effects for survey responding remain poorly understood. Using an experimental questionnaire manipulation, the current study demonstrates empirically that varying the stereotype rating task presented to respondents can have knock-on effects on responding in other questionnaire modules—in this case, modules exploring attitudes to European integration and national and European social identities. It is suggested that stereotype rating tasks might activate some social identities whilst inhibiting the activation of others, and that these effects might be affected by the level of abstraction of the social identities concerned. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献